Local Government Understanding in Regional Development Planning: Systematic Literature Review

This study aims to explore the understanding of the role of local government in regional development planning, which in this study uses the literature review method, namely by reviewing articles in previous studies so that they can provide an overview of how the role of local governments in regional development planning is, these data are obtained through the Scopus database and processed using the VOSviewer application. This research will focus on explaining how the role of local government in regional development planning. The role of local government in regional development planning is a government with a very strategic authority and position. This is related to its function as a public service provider to improve welfare, prosperity, and peace for the community. Regional development planning is an activity to be carried out in the future, in this case starting from several stages of the program preparation process and activities that involve various elements in it. This research shows that the role of local governments is to play an important role in planning housing development in an area, managing and coordinating the development of destinations in contemporary society, building an active role in institutionalizing urban resilience, developing the tourism sector in an area, and having an important role in planning to accelerate urban development. extracting integrated theories and methods for community development and planning at each location in an area.


INTRODUCTION
The implementation of regional autonomy in Indonesia based on law number 32 years 2004 converted into law number 12 years 2008 on local government is a cornerstone for local governments in running a wheel of government in their region (Bayu Ganar & Apriansyah, Muger, 2021). Regional autonomy created space motion freer in making policy and district regulations involving related parties according to the understanding and the needs of each region, is no exception to the construction in various sectors. Rapid city development, causing many problems; one example is the occurrence of a change in the land function (Tahir, 2015).
The role of local government in regional development planning is a government with a very strategic authority and position. This is related to its function as a public service provider to the community to improve the people's welfare, prosperity, and peace (Wresniwira, 2017). Regional development planning is an activity to be carried out in the future; in this case, it starts from several stages of the program preparation process and activities that involve various elements in it; this is done for the sake of utilizing and allocating some existing resources to improve the welfare of the community in general in an environments (Anggraini, P., & Harjanti, 2019;Yanti, 2019). In this case, the local government plays the role of the planner to design and form interactions in a process towards the target to be achieved. Whit this, the government must play an active role in its primary duties and functions as a local government and adapt to the applied functions, vision, mission, goals, and objectives. Meanwhile, related to this, the government as an essential body in its government, government, must pay attention to public peace and order, demands, and hopes and opinions of the people, community needs and interests, influences in an environment, settings, communications, and participation of all levels of society and legitimacy (Husnul Imtihan & Wahyunadi, 2017). Some of the main functions of local government which are mainly to improve and resolve the demands or aspirations of the community (Soares et al., 2015).

RESEARCH METHOD
All articles analyzed in this study were taken from the Scopus database, where Scopus is one of the complete peer-reviewed journal databases globally and can provide good scientific, academic information. This study aims to review an article related to the role of local governments in regional development planning. The source of the data obtained is a collection of articles published in scientific journals of international repute. This study is based on several questions: 1) what is the dominant theme in the discussion on the role of local government in regional development planning? 2) what are the topics related to research on the role of local government in regional development planning? 3) what concepts are used in research studies on the role of local government in regional development planning? Then, some of these questions will be used as a reference for the study based on two stages: the first is article search, and the last is topic mapping.

Chart 1. Article Review Process
The articles related to the topic of discussion are obtained through the following methods: First, identify the article. This is done by searching for data in the Scopus database by entering "The Role of Local Government in Regional Development Planning" in the search field with restrictions from 2019 to 2020. The search found 72 journals or articles relevant to the topic raised. Then in the second stage, namely verifying the articles that have been collected. This verification resulted in 50 articles that were considered appropriate to the research topic.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION Linkage and Grouping of Themes in the Role of Local Governments in Regional Development Planning
To see the linkages and groupings in a theme, it can be seen from the results of the analysis of the verification process that obtained as many as 50 articles. Through the VOS-viewers application media, a topic can be mapped based on table classification. The image below (figure 1) can be described on topics related to the study of the role of local governments in regional development planning, which will later be grouped into clusters according to the focus of the discussion topic. The colors in the image below (figure 1) have shown groupings based on the existing topics. This grouping aims to make it easier to analyze the topics that will be used as reference material.

Source: VOS Viewer Application
Identification that is processed and has become one, as in Figure 1, will benefit researchers, especially those who have just started research from scratch. This method is ideal because it allows researchers to find out a lot about the same themes. The picture above illustrates the results of topic mapping "The role of local government in regional development planning." From the picture above, it is known that the relationship between topics and absorption capacity in terms of article titles and keywords is not the whole of the article's content. Then the color that appears in the picture above is referred to as a cluster in the sense of group scope. Meanwhile, in-text mining analysis that uses the binary counting method, there are 3042 words/terms. The minimum word limit is set 3 times which then results in 227 words meeting the threshold, then only relevant words are selected, and there are 136 words which are grouped into the following 5 clusters: title is "Regional governance and public accountability in planning for new housing: A new approach in South Holland, the Netherlands" (Kang & Groetelaers, 2018). Discussions about local government are starting to play an increasingly important role in housing development planning. The Absence of a formal line of accountability within local government has a good argument as it makes coordination between cities more flexible, without the need for territorial adjustments of local authorities. However, this view is based on a narrow interpretation of public accountability. The local government becomes effective when hierarchical accountability arrangements are structured to strengthen horizontal accountability, strengthening self-management capacity. Measures taken in the case under review to ensure effective local housing planning in changing market conditions have highlighted the need to change accountability arrangements when policymakers correctly choose a new set of governance modes to shape relational dynamics (Sutherland et al., 2020).
In the green cluster, the most discussed theme is Ability. The journal article title is "The emergence of the DMO concept in Japan: Confusion, contestation, and acceptance" (Nagai et al., 2018). In this case, Destination marketing and management organizations (DMOs) have been recognized as an essential component of the tourism system. However, the Ability of DMOs to manage and coordinate destination development in contemporary society is now being questioned by experts. The area's highlight focus is Japan, countries that have recently turned to tourism as a tool to facilitate economic growth. This paper examines the early emergence of the registered DMO program introduced by the Japanese government in 2015, focusing on how the concept of DMO is adopted and understood by tourism practitioners in local tourism destinations across the country. It offers insight into how the DMO concept is understood, experienced, and used in Japan in non-Western contexts (Nagai et al., 2018).
Then in the blue cluster, the most discussed theme was an actor. The journal article title is "Towards Resilient Rotterdam? Key condition for a networked approach to managing urban infrastructure risks" (Huck et al., 2021). The journal explained that by participating in the 100 Cities Resilient Program, The City of Rotterdam government had established its active role in institutionalizing urban resilience and has positioned itself as an international pioneer. However, several governance challenges remain to be addressed, especially those related to the integrated management of interconnected infrastructure networks such as water and energy supply.
In this regard, the need for national and supra-national level governments to design and implement legal reforms that institute uniform procedural rules for urban risk management and contingency planning, then guide cities on how to increase their resilience (cities and infrastructure). The critical conditions for such institutional reform could include clarifying roles and responsibilities for cross-regional risk management, cross-sectoral and crossdepartmental budgeting of resilience measures, and better alignment of local activities with regional and national level activities. In contrast to defining universal durability and safety standards, procedural rules can guide municipalities in how to assess place-based vulnerability, prepare integrated contingency plans in a more standardized way, and who will be involved in those assessments, planning procedures, and other risk management practices. Thus, procedural rules can help operationalize national infrastructure resilience strategies and unsubstantiated claims to achieve voluntary cooperation between government, business, and civil society and establish a uniform institutional framework for urban silence policies. In this regard, it can be concluded that academic and policy debates on urban resilience should focus more on how the levels of local governance are embedded in the complex territory of the infrastructure system and the different levels of government involved in managing this system (Huck et al., 2021).
Furthermore, in the yellow cluster, the most discussed theme was benefited. The journal article title is "Development of community network for sustainable tourism based on the green economy concept" (Phoochinda, 2018). The concept of "Green Economic" is a tool that serves as a guideline for developing a sustainable economy in line with social development, quality of life, and the balance of conservation of natural resources and the environment (Pongvinyoo et al., 2015). The concept of economic development that leads to sustainable development or a Green Economy is the concept of business operations based on low carbon emissions, energy consumption reduction, and efficient use of resources, leading to business growth, social development, environmental damage, and ecosystem diversity. Tourism is a form of service business that is very important for economic and social development in Thailand. High potential to accommodate free trade and global market demands by the National Economic and Social Development Plan. In addition, it generates employment and income from foreign currency. However, if the rapid growth of tourism does not have good management, the environment will be directly affected. For example, energy consumption in the communication and transportation sectors, travel, hotel rooms, and waste from tourism activities. The tourism industry consists of various types of businesses, including direct, indirect, and supporting businesses, services purchased by Thai and foreign tourists, leading to a multi-job-benefiting expenditure stream, and social stability at the communal, local, and national levels (Wannathanom, 2009, p. 101).
This illustrates the community's role of tourism in generating employment and overall employment such as local handicrafts, agricultural and natural resource-based products to stimulate the production and maximum use of the country's resources. Currently, the government has formulated clear policies to promote and support tourism with agencies directly responsible at the local, national, and especially community levels. Therefore, good tourism business management must grow along with efficient environmental management from all related sectors, especially community tourism. Management starts from small units, including communities, community leaders, local government organizations, and community companies. Success will occur if all stakeholders have sufficient knowledge, the existence of tourism development in line with the regional development strategic plan, local government organization development plan, and implementation plans that come from joint planning, cooperation, awareness and conscience of the community, organizations in the community, and community efforts. Community businesses supporting Thai tourism activities are spread throughout the region by grouping local wisdom, community culture, raw materials, or various resources to increase the added value of products and services to generate income for the community.
Green Economy-based sustainable tourism community network management is about learning the potential and limitations of Thailand's tourist destinations, the role of community network participation in tourism management, analyzing knowledge and impact of operations, and recommendations for development guidelines. Green Economy-based sustainable tourism with the primary resource base, namely community networks that allow one to know the context of preparedness, the potential, and limitations of the community to manage tourism. This research will produce community networks with systematic management, network formats, or guidelines for connecting stakeholder networks, resulting in sustainable tourism management and community self-reliance. Both local and non-local can use this information to develop tourist destinations in line with national policies. It also benefits those involved in formulating policies, plans, or products for economic, social, and environmental development by communities in sustainable tourism destinations (Basile & Cavallo, 2020).
Finally, there is the purple cluster, where the most discussed theme is in action. The journal article title is "From Concept to Action: Practice and Thinking in Urban Community Development and Community Planning in Chongqing" (Huang et al., 2018). The journal explains that the direction of Chongqing's community planning is just the beginning. Compared to more developed cities in China, such as Shanghai, Guangzhou, and Shenzhen, it is already ten years behind. Coincidentally, Chongqing was forced to seek a path of regeneration on a community scale. However, due to a lack of experience in relevant knowledge structures and practices, learning should be carried out in conjunction with planning to accelerate the exploration of unified theories and methods for community development and planning in each location. At the same time, community planning is commonplace worldwide, namely in the structure of government power. Even in the United States, this is no exception, where a bottomup approach characterizes community planning. At present, one of the characteristics of Chinese society's development and planning is the government's dominant role, which will likely be around for a long time. The advantage of this planning mode is that the government can provide an external solid support for the community, allowing rapid change. However, some obvious disadvantages, such as unsustainability and over-reliance of the population on the government, undermine their initiatives and growth opportunities and minimize their participation in community governance. So, at present, for community development and planning processes, the non-accidental contradiction between social boundaries and community governance boundaries is an inherent deficiency in realizing the goal of a quality living community (Huang et al., 2018).

Source: VOS Viewer Application
Based on Figure 3, it can be seen what topics have become the center of attention. The lighter the color, the more frequently discussed the theme. If there is a color that is the most faded, then that means it is the least discussed theme. In Figure 3 above, the most discussed theme is a problem, infrastructure, measure, participation, project, case, actor, water, person, service, access, value, and action. At the same time, the least discussed themes such as land, proposal, interest, topic infancy, financial resource, community scale, phase, demand, combination, aspiration, economic growth, dan view. Author Dominant in The Role of Local Government in Regional Development Planning

Source: VOS Viewer Application
It can be seen from the picture above that it has one cluster, wherein one cluster they connect like, and the first cluster consists of the author: Klassen-wigger, P, Das, J.K, Fries, L.R, Drewnowski, A, Van Koperen, T.M, Caballero, P, French, J, Rollis, B.J, Prentice, A.M, which talks about "Novel public-private partnerships to address the double burden of malnutrition" in 2018. The journal discusses public-private partnerships, which public-private partnerships are an effective way to address the global double burden of malnutrition. Meanwhile, public-private partnerships operate in various forms, which leadership usually falls to the government, public health agency, or non-governmental organizations, with the private sector taking on a subordinate role. The rapid rise of social media and mass communication worldwide has provided disruptive technology for new nutrition intervention programs.
The new model tentatively called private-public engagement utilizes social media, mass media, and integrated social marketing to reach parents, families, and communities directly. This new private-public engagement initiative needs to be managed in the manner suggested for public-private partnerships by the World Health Organization, especially if the private sector takes the lead. Once the reasons for engagement are determined, there is a need to mobilize resources, build partnerships within countries and codes of conduct, and provide monitoring, evaluation, and accountability plans. This example is consistent with a privatepublic engagement approach, namely the United for Healthier Kids program, intended for families with children under 12 years old. Materials to inspire behavior change and promote healthier diets and lifestyles are distributed in several countries through digital and physical channels, often with local or regional governments. Explanation of this program, together with strategies to promote transparency and communication among stakeholders, serve to provide guidance for the future development of effective private-public engagement.

CONCLUSION
The role of local government in terms of regional development planning is a government with a very strategic authority and position. This is related to its function as a public service provider to the community to improve the community's welfare, prosperity, and peace. Regional development planning is an activity to be carried out in the future; in this case, it starts from several stages of the program preparation process and activities that involve various elements in it; this is done for the sake of utilizing and allocating some existing resources to improve the welfare of the community in general in an environment.
This study shows that the role of local government is to act as an essential role in planning housing development in an area, managing and coordinating destination development in contemporary society, establish its active role in institutionalizing urban resilience, develop the tourism sector in an area, and has a vital role in planning to accelerate theoretical exploration and methods suitable for community development and planning in each location of an area.