FIQH MUAMALAH: IMPLEMENTATION OF SALE AND PURCHASE AGREEMENTS IN MODERN ECONOMIC TRANSACTIONS

Abstract

This study aims to analyze the implementation of sales and purchase contracts in modern economic activities through the perspective of Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh muamalah), particularly in the context of the development of digital technology that changes the interaction patterns between sellers and buyers. By applying qualitative methods and a literature review approach, this study collected information data from various primary and additional sources, such as the Qur'an, hadith, classical and current fiqh books, fatwas from the National Sharia Council (DSN-MUI), and relevant scientific journals. The results of the study indicate that although modern transaction mechanisms such as marketplaces, e-commerce, non-cash transactions, and digital ordering have undergone significant changes, the basic principles of Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh muamalah) remain relevant and applicable. These principles include clarity of the contract, the consent of both parties, honesty, trustworthiness, justice, and balance. Digital technology can even minimize gharar through the presentation of more transparent product information, including photos, detailed descriptions, pre-order features, and transaction documentation. Contemporary transaction forms such as salam and istishna' can also be applied in online transactions as long as they comply with sharia requirements, especially regarding product specifications, delivery time, and price clarity. Digital payment systems, such as bank transfers, e-wallets, debit/credit cards, and QR codes, are considered valid as long as they do not involve usury or harmful elements. This study concludes that muamalah jurisprudence is adaptive to technological developments, thus serving as a guideline for modern buying and selling practices that are Sharia-compliant, ethical, safe, and provide blessings for those involved.