The Link Between Hate Speech and Terrorism: A Critical Analysis of Indonesia’s Legal Framework

Article Sidebar

pdf
Published: Oct 28, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.19109/nurani.v24i2.22058
Keywords:
Hate speech, Legal development, Terrorism

Main Article Content

Abdurrakhman Alhakim
Universitas Internasional Batam, Indonesia
Ampuan Situmeang
Universitas Internasional Batam, Indonesia
David Tan
The Dickson Poon School of Law, King’s College London, United Kingdom
Emiliya Febriyani
Universitas Internasional Batam, Indonesia

Abstract

Hate speech and terrorism are two forms of crime that are similar in their discriminatory nature. The efforts to address these crimes are of significant importance, as they starkly contrast with the values that Indonesia holds dear and present serious threats to its multicultural society. This study aims to explore the correlation between hate speech and terrorism and to explain how this correlation may assist in the development of a legal framework that better addresses both issues. The research employed a normative legal approach to analyze the existing positive laws regarding hate speech and terrorism, aiming to identify correlations between the two. This normative legal research utilized a combined statutory approach, employing primary law sources as secondary data. The analysis revealed normative issues within the Indonesian legal framework that restrict the criminalization of offenses that fall between the legal definitions of hate speech and terrorism. These issues need to be addressed as an important step in Indonesia’s legal development to realize a safe society for all Indonesians.

Article Details

How to Cite
Alhakim, A., Situmeang, A., Tan, D., & Febriyani, E. (2024). The Link Between Hate Speech and Terrorism: A Critical Analysis of Indonesia’s Legal Framework. Nurani: Jurnal Kajian syari’ah Dan Masyarakat, 24(2), 375-390. https://doi.org/10.19109/nurani.v24i2.22058
Issue
Vol. 24 No. 2 (2024): Nurani: jurnal kajian syari'ah dan masyarakat
Section
Artikel
Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Creative Commons License
Nurani by http://jurnal.radenfatah.ac.id/index.php/Nurani is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

How to Cite

Alhakim, A., Situmeang, A., Tan, D., & Febriyani, E. (2024). The Link Between Hate Speech and Terrorism: A Critical Analysis of Indonesia’s Legal Framework. Nurani: Jurnal Kajian syari’ah Dan Masyarakat, 24(2), 375-390. https://doi.org/10.19109/nurani.v24i2.22058

References

Alhakim, A. (2022). Urgensi Perlindungan Hukum terhadap Jurnalis dari Risiko Kriminalisasi UU Informasi dan Transaksi Elektronik di Indonesia. Jurnal Pembangunan Hukum Indonesia, 4(1), 89–106. https://doi.org/10.14710/jphi.v4i1.89-106

Armoudian, M. (2020). In search of a genocidal frame: Preliminary evidence from the Holocaust and the Rwandan genocide. Media, War and Conflict, 13(2), 133–152. https://doi.org/10.1177/1750635218810927

Arofah, K. (2018). Rhetorical Analysis of Hate Speech: Case Study of Hate Speech Related to Ahok’s Religion Blasphemy Case. Mediator: Jurnal Komunikasi, 11(1), 91–105. https://doi.org/10.29313/mediator.v11i1.3119

Askanius, T. (2021). On Frogs, Monkeys, and Execution Memes: Exploring the Humor-Hate Nexus at the Intersection of Neo-Nazi and Alt-Right Movements in Sweden. Television and New Media, 22(2), 147–165. https://doi.org/10.1177/1527476420982234

Au, C. H., Ho, K. K. W., & Chiu, D. K. W. (2022). The Role of Online Misinformation and Fake News in Ideological Polarization: Barriers, Catalysts, and Implications. Information Systems Frontiers, 24(4), 1331–1354. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10796-021-10133-9

Bilewicz, M., & Soral, W. (2020). Hate Speech Epidemic. The Dynamic Effects of Derogatory Language on Intergroup Relations and Political Radicalization. Political Psychology, 41(S1), 3–33. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12670

Castaño-Pulgarín, S. A., Suárez-Betancur, N., Vega, L. M. T., & López, H. M. H. (2021). Internet, social media and online hate speech. Systematic review. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 58, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2021.101608

Chetty, N., & Alathur, S. (2018). Hate speech review in the context of online social networks. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 40, 108–118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2018.05.003

Coche, E. (2018). Privatised enforcement and the right to freedom of expression in a world confronted with terrorism propaganda online. Internet Policy Review, 7(4), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.14763/2018.4.1382

Collins, P. H. (2021). Violence and intersecting power relations. In Mapping Deathscapes (pp. 27–45). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003200611-4

Cripps, J., & Stermac, L. (2018). Cyber-sexual violence and negative emotional states among women in a Canadian University. International Journal of Cyber Criminology, 12(1), 171–186. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1467891

Disemadi, H. S. (2022). Lenses of Legal Research: A Descriptive Essay on Legal Research Methodologies. Journal of Judicial Review, 24(2), 289–304. https://doi.org/10.37253/jjr.v24i2.7280

Fernando, Z. J., Pujiyono, Rozah, U., & Rochaeti, N. (2022). The freedom of expression in Indonesia. Cogent Social Sciences, 8(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2022.2103944

Ferrier, M., & Garud-Patkar, N. (2018). TrollBusters: Fighting Online Harassment of Women Journalists. In Mediating Misogyny: Gender, Technology, and Harassment (pp. 311–332). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72917-6_16

Harris, A., & Johns, A. (2021). Youth, social cohesion and digital life: From risk and resilience to a global digital citizenship approach. Journal of Sociology, 57(2), 394–411. https://doi.org/10.1177/1440783320919173

Hollewell, G. F., & Longpré, N. (2022). Radicalization in the Social Media Era: Understanding the Relationship between Self-Radicalization and the Internet. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 66(8), 896–913. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306624X211028771

Howard, J. W. (2019). Free speech and hate speech. Annual Review of Political Science, 22, 93–109. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-polisci-051517-012343

Hrynyshyn, D. (2022). Toward Platform Democracy: Imagining an Open-Source Public Service Social Media Platform. In The Algorithmic Distribution of News (pp. 253–267). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-87086-7_13

Ibrahim, A. M. (2019). Theorizing the Journalism Model of Disinformation and Hate Speech Propagation in a Nigerian Democratic Context. International Journal of E-Politics, 10(2), 60–73. https://doi.org/10.4018/ijep.2019070105

Ittefaq, M. (2018). Representation of Islam And Muslims on Social Media: A Discourse Analysis of Facebook. Journal of Media Critiques [JMC], 4(13), 39–52. https://doi.org/10.17349/jmc118103

Karjo, C. H., & Ng, A. (2020). Hate Speech Propaganda from and against Muslims in Facebook Posts. International Journal of Cyber Criminology, 14(2), 400–416. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4766989

Lee-Won, R. J., White, T. N., Song, H., Lee, J. Y., & Smith, M. R. (2020). Source magnification of cyberhate: affective and cognitive effects of multiple-source hate messages on target group members. Media Psychology, 23(5), 603–624. https://doi.org/10.1080/15213269.2019.1612760

Makarova, E. A., Makarova, E. L., & Korovin, I. (2022). How the Hatred of the Few Turns into the Enmity of Millions in the Times of Uncertainty and Danger. International Journal of Media and Information Literacy, 7(1), 167–178. https://doi.org/10.13187/ijmil.2022.1.167

Montero, A. I., Laforgue-Bullido, N., & Abril-Hervás, D. (2022). Hate speech: a systematic review of scientific production and educational considerations. Revista Fuentes, 24(2), 222–233. https://doi.org/10.12795/revistafuentes.2022.20240

Nesbitt, M. (2021). Violent crime, hate speech or terrorism? How Canada views and prosecutes far-right extremism (2001–2019). Common Law World Review, 50(1), 38–56. https://doi.org/10.1177/1473779521991557

Oyawale, A. (2022). The impact of (counter-)terrorism on public (in)security in Nigeria: A vernacular analysis. Security Dialogue, 53(5), 420–437. https://doi.org/10.1177/09670106211063796

Papcunová, J., Martončik, M., Fedáková, D., Kentoš, M., Bozogáňová, M., Srba, I., Moro, R., Pikuliak, M., Šimko, M., & Adamkovič, M. (2021). Hate speech operationalization: a preliminary examination of hate speech indicators and their structure. Complex and Intelligent Systems, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40747-021-00561-0

Piazza, J. A. (2020). Politician hate speech and domestic terrorism. International Interactions, 46(3), 431–453. https://doi.org/10.1080/03050629.2020.1739033

Rafoss, T. W. (2019). Enemies of freedom and defenders of democracy: The metaphorical response to terrorism. Acta Sociologica, 62(3), 297–314. https://doi.org/10.1177/0001699318816524

Saha, K., Chandrasekharan, E., & De Choudhury, M. (2019). Prevalence and psychological effects of hateful speech in online college communities. WebSci 2019 - Proceedings of the 11th ACM Conference on Web Science, 255–264. https://doi.org/10.1145/3292522.3326032

Soral, W., Liu, J. H., & Bilewicz, M. (2020). Media of contempt: Social media consumption predicts normative acceptance of anti-muslim hate speech and islamoprejudice. International Journal of Conflict and Violence, 14, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.4119/ijcv-3774

Suastika, I. N., Suartama, I. K., & Sanjaya, D. B. (2022). Urgency of social media-based civics education instruction in higher education. World Journal on Educational Technology: Current Issues, 14(3), 630–643. https://doi.org/10.18844/wjet.v14i3.7198

Tan, D. (2021). Metode Penelitian Hukum: Mengupas dan Mengulas Metodologi Dalam Menyelenggarakan penelitian Hukum. NUSANTARA: Jurnal Ilmu Pengetahuan Sosial, 8(5), 1332–1336. http://jurnal.um-tapsel.ac.id/index.php/nusantara/article/view/5601

Thomas, A. G., Ozbardakci, N., Fine, A., Steinberg, L., Frick, P. J., & Cauffman, E. (2018). Effects of Physical and Emotional Maternal Hostility on Adolescents’ Depression and Reoffending. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 28(2), 427–437. https://doi.org/10.1111/jora.12345

Walther, S., & McCoy, A. (2021). US Extremism on Telegram: Fueling Disinformation, Conspiracy Theories, and Accelerationism. Perspectives on Terrorism, 15(2), 100–124.

Weinstein, J. (2017). Hate Speech Bans, Democracy, and Political Legitimacy. Hate Speech Bans, Democracy, and Political Legitimacy, 32(3), 527–583.

Wibisono, S., Louis, W. R., & Jetten, J. (2019). A Multidimensional Analysis of Religious Extremism. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02560

Wieviorka, M. (2022). Radicalization, Violent Extremism, and Conflicting Diversity. In Making Sense of Radicalization and Violent Extremism (pp. 120–125). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003214274-13

Xu, J., Sun, G., Cao, W., Fan, W., Pan, Z., Yao, Z., & Li, H. (2021). Stigma, Discrimination, and Hate Crimes in Chinese-Speaking World amid Covid-19 Pandemic. Asian Journal of Criminology, 16(1), 51–74. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11417-020-09339-8

Zhang, Z., Robinson, D., & Tepper, J. (2018). Detecting Hate Speech on Twitter Using a Convolution-GRU Based Deep Neural Network. Lecture Notes in Computer Science (Including Subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics), 10843 LNCS, 745–760. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93417-4_48