Journal Title Jurnal Biota Initial Biota Abbreviation J.Biota. Frequency 2 Issues per year (January and August) DOI prefix 10.19109/Biota by Crossref ISSN E-ISSN 2460-7746 and P-ISSN 2528-262X Editor-in-Chief Dr. Irham Falahudin, M.Si Publisher Department of Biology Faculty Science and Technology, Universitas Islam Negeri Raden Fatah Palembang Citation Analysis Acceptance Ratio - % Jurnal Biota is a scientific journal published by the Department of Biology Faculty Science and Technology University of State Islamic University of Raden Fatah Palembang. The submission process of the manuscript is open throughout the year. All submitted manuscripts will go through double-blind peer review and editorial review before being granted acceptance for publication. Jurnal Biota publishes numerous research articles and Literature Review with a focus and scope on Biodiversity wetlands, Biotechnology, Environment, Ecology, Microbiology, Physiology Animals, and Plants. Jurnal Biota has been using Open Journal System requiring all writers to register in advance before they are allowed to upload the manuscript they write online. Afterward, the editors, peer reviewers (Blind review), and writers can monitor the manuscript processing. Journal Biota has indexed DOAJ, Crossref, MoraRef, Google Scholar, Garuda, and Sinta 2.
Faculty of Science and Technology Universitas Islam Negeri Raden Fatah Palembang
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Species Diversity and Distribution of Orchids along the Sepapah Kiri Waterfall Trail, Kubu Perahu, Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park
Indonesia is known as a country with a high diversity of orchids. Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park (BBSNP) is located along the Bukit Barisan Mountain range in the tropical rainforest heritage of Sumatera, where various natural-growing orchids can be found abundantly. This study aimed to explore and identify the orchids diversity in the Kubu Perahu Forest section of Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park. The observation was conducted along the hiking trails of Sepapah Kiri Waterfall, which has a 2.375 m length and about 568-876 masl. An exploratory method was conducted to collect primary and environmental data. A total of 16 genera were recorded, dominated by epiphytic orchids, with Agrostophyllum and Pinalia as the most abundant genera. Preservation of natural orchid species is needed by cultivation and increasing the exsitu conservation of orchids.
Epiphyte; Ex situ conservation; Orchids; Terrestrial.
Copyright (c) 2026 Surti Kurniasih, Dimas Prasaja http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Dietary Fiber from Mentawai Taro (Colocasia esculenta var. Mentawai) Ameliorates Diabetic Neuropathy in Alloxan-Induced Mice
Diabetic neuropathy is a severe complication of diabetes mellitus, and conventional synthetic drugs used for its management are often associated with undesirable side effects. This study evaluated the potential of Mentawai taro (Colocasia esculenta var. Mentawai) corm as a functional food for the management of diabetic neuropathy. Adult male mice were divided into five groups: a control group (healthy mice fed a standard diet), a diabetic group (alloxan-induced diabetic mice fed a standard diet), and three diabetic groups fed diets supplemented with 15% Mentawai taro corm whole flour, fiber, or starch. After 28 days of dietary intervention, blood glucose levels, sensory and motor functions, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, and cerebellar histopathology were evaluated. The results showed that Mentawai taro corm fiber significantly reduced blood glucose levels (59.5% reduction), accompanied by a positive trend toward improved sensory responses (25% increase) and a marked enhancement of motor function (41.6% increase) in diabetic mice. Additionally, fiber supplementation reduced MDA levels in brain tissue (19.3% reduction) and attenuated Purkinje cell degeneration in the cerebellum (27.3% reduction). In contrast, Mentawai taro corm whole flour and starch exerted minimal protective effects, with starch supplementation improving motor function only. Overall, among the various Mentawai taro corm preparations tested, the fiber extract was the most effective in ameliorating symptoms of diabetic neuropathy.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sutri Wulansari Safril, Putra Santoso, Resti Rahayu http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Petroleum Degradation by Bacteria Explored from Logending Mangrove Sediments
Oil spills resulting from shipping activities, tanker-based oil transportation, and fuel oil usage can cause coastal pollution, particularly in sensitive ecosystems such as mangroves. More than 90% of petroleum consists of hydrocarbons with complex carbon chain structures, making them difficult to decompose. Biological remediation using microorganisms offers a promising alternative for pollution mitigation, as microbes can degrade petroleum components and oxidizing hydrocarbons. This study aimed to evaluate the petroleum-degrading ability of selected bacterial isolates obtained from mangrove sediments at Logending Beach. The research employed experimental and survey methods. The primary parameter measured was Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH), while supporting parameters included pH and bacterial population density. The study consisted of several stages, including bacterial isolation, screening, and evaluation of the petroleum degradation capacity of selected isolates. The results identified two potential bacterial isolates capable of degrading crude oil. Isolate LG62 exhibited a degradation efficiency of 71.40%, while isolate LG105 showed a degradation efficiency of 57.10%. Petroleum concentrations of 2% (v/v) and 5% (v/v) were degraded more effectively than higher concentrations. Overall, the two bacterial isolates (LG62 and LG105) from Logending mangrove sediments demonstrated significant potential as bioremediation agents for petroleum hydrocarbon contamination.
Degradation; Hydrocarbonoclastic; Total petroleum hydrocarbon; Mangrove sediment
Copyright (c) 2026 Herlina Apriliani, Hendro Pramono, Oedjijono Oedjijono, Wimbuh Tri Widodo, Sonny Kristianto, Rury Eryna Putri, Lalu Unsunnidhal http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Protective Effects of Acetone Extract of Portulaca oleracea L. on Liver Histopathology in Hypoxia-Induced Sprague-Dawley Rats
Hypoxia, a condition characterized by insufficient oxygen supply, can cause tissue damage in vital organs, including the liver. The liver is particularly vulnerable to hypoxic injury, which may result in impaired function and hepatocyte death. Purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) is known for its antioxidant properties, largely attributed to its flavonoid content, which can inhibit the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). This experimental study aimed to evaluate the effects of acetone extracts of purslane herb on hepatic histopathological changes in hypoxia-induced rats. Five experimental groups were established, each consisting of six rats (n = 6): normal control (N), hypoxia (H), hypoxia treated with dexamethasone (H+DEXA), hypoxia treated with purslane extract at 150 mg/kg body weight (HP1), and hypoxia treated with purslane extract at 300 mg/kg body weight (HP2). Purslane extract was prepared using the acetone maceration method. Hypoxia was induced by exposing rats to a gas mixture of 10% O₂ and 90% N₂ for 10 consecutive days. Liver tissues were processed using paraffin embedding and stained with hematoxylin–eosin for histopathological evaluation, focusing on hepatocyte necrosis, inflammatory cell infiltration, and hemorrhage. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Duncan’s post hoc test. The results showed that the 300 mg/kg dose of purslane extract significantly reduced hepatocyte necrosis (35.33 ± 2.52 cells), inflammatory cell infiltration area (2488.51 ± 112.82 µm²), and hemorrhage area (1031.10 ± 17.38 µm²) compared with the hypoxia group (p < 0.05). In conclusion, acetone extracts of purslane demonstrated significant hepatoprotective effects in hypoxia-induced rats, suggesting their potential as a natural therapeutic agent for the management of hypoxia-related liver injury.
Acetone extract of purslane, necrosis, inflammatory cell infiltration, hemorrhage, hypoxia.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rahimi Syaidah, Rita Maliza, Haris Setiawan, Febriofca Galih Yatalaththov, Takashi Yashiro, Bramadi Arya, Wardatul Aini http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Modulatory Effects of Fucoidan on Paracetamol-induced Hepatic Damage and Histological Alterations in Rasbora lateristriata
Paracetamol overdose is a well-documented cause of hepatic injury across vertebrate species, including teleost fish. This study aimed to evaluate the hepatoprotective potential of fucoidan, a sulfated polysaccharide derived from brown algae, against paracetamol-induced liver damage in Rasbora lateristriata. Fish were divided into five experimental groups and exposed to paracetamol (3 mg/L), either alone or in combination with fucoidan at concentrations of 50, 100, or 300 µg/mL, for seven days. Histopathological evaluation of liver tissues was performed using hematoxylin–eosin staining, with semi-quantitative scoring focused on hydropic degeneration, nuclear pyknosis, and necrosis. The results demonstrated that paracetamol exposure induced moderate hepatocellular injury, characterized by cytoplasmic vacuolization, apoptotic nuclear alterations, and necrotic lesions. Co-treatment with fucoidan at 300 µg/mL was associated with reduced severity across all histopathological parameters, indicating partial hepatoprotective effects. In contrast, the 50 µg/mL fucoidan group exhibited paradoxically severe hydropic degeneration despite the absence of pyknosis and necrosis, suggesting a delayed or altered injury profile. Intermediate outcomes were observed at 100 µg/mL. Overall, fucoidan exhibited dose-dependent but inconsistent hepatoprotective effects. The observed histological variability across concentrations suggests that protection may be influenced by factors such as bioavailability, cellular uptake, or interactions with intracellular stress pathways. These findings highlight the need for further mechanistic investigations before fucoidan can be considered a reliable hepatoprotective agent in aquatic toxicology.
Copyright (c) 2025 Fajar Sofyantoro, Maula Haqul Dafa, Alfian Primahesa, Shintia Oktaviana, Olvita Mayani, Eben Ezer Simanungkalit, Anthera Al Firdaus Prissandi, Ardaning Nuriliani, Bambang Retnoaji, Hendry T. S. S. G. Saragih, Zuliyati Rohmah, Slamet Widiyanto, Nastiti Wijayanti, Nur Indah Septriani http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Effects of Integrated Nutrient Management on the Growth Performance of Beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.) under Acidic Soil Conditions in Smallholder Farmer Fields
This research examines the impact of integrated nutrient management on the growth, yield, sugar content, and betalain concentration of beetroot cultivated in acidic soil (pH 4-5) within the farmer's field at Khadimnagar, Sylhet, Bangladesh. A randomized complete block design (RCBD) was used to assess six fertilizer treatments combining varying rates of Urea, MoP, TSP, and vermicompost. This study aimed to evaluate how integrated nutrient management affects the growth, yield, and quality of beetroot in acidic soil conditions. The results indicated significant effects of the treatments on the majority of parameters. Key findings showed that moderate nutrient application (T3: 300-150-300 kg/ha N-P-K + 3500 kg/ha vermicompost) produced the highest yield (26.75 t/ha), with significant improvements in root weight, length, diameter, and betalain content. In contrast, excessive fertilization (T5) led to reduced yield and quality, while no fertilization (T0) resulted in the poorest performance. The highest sugar content (Brix%) was observed in T2 at 7.775%, suggesting a positive effect of moderate nutrient application. The results indicate that a combination of N-P-K at 300-150-300 kg/ha with vermicompost at 3500 kg/ha is optimal for improving beetroot quality and productivity in slightly acidic soils. The control group (T0) exhibited the lowest performance across all measured parameters. The study highlights the importance of balanced nutrient management in acidic soils. The data suggests that higher nutrient doses (T3 and T5) lead to significant improvements in beetroot growth, quality, and yield, with T3 generally showing superior performance across key metrics. Further field trials are recommended to validate these findings across broader agroecological contexts.
Acidic Soil, Beetroot, Betalains, Nutrient Management, Sugar Content, and Yield
Copyright (c) 2025 Mohammad Samiul Ahsan Talucder, Akram Hossain, Rafia Islam Tisha, Md Abu Sayed Robi, Lathuenu Marma, Most. Papia Sultana, Ahasan Ullah Khan Ahasan http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
The Potential Utilization of Non-Productive Sugar Palm (Arenga pinnata Merr.) Trunks for Pulp and Bioenergy Applications
The sugar palm (Arenga pinnata Merr.) has considerable potential as a biomass resource and as a raw material for pulp production. In West Sumatra, particularly in the Tanah Datar and Lima Puluh Kota regencies, cultivation areas cover approximately 376.75 ha and 285.00 ha, respectively. Although sap extraction for palm sugar and bioethanol remains the primary use, non-productive trunks are largely underutilized. This study evaluated the physical and chemical properties of these trunks, focusing on fiber dimensions, chemical composition, and calorific value. Trunks from Lima Puluh Kota exhibited longer fibers (2.70–2.97 mm), higher felting power (90.33), and favorable Runkel ratios, resulting in a Class I fiber quality rating for pulp production. In contrast, samples from Tanah Datar were classified as Class II. The trunks also showed cellulose contents ranging from 35.21% to 64.63% and moderate lignin levels (8.02–18.40%), both of which are advantageous for pulping. However, the calorific values (2,675–3,374 cal/g) were below national and international standards for biomass fuels. Overall, these findings suggest that non-productive sugar palm trunks are better suited for pulp and paper applications than for bioenergy production. Optimizing their use could support circular economy development while increasing value for local communities.
Arenga pinnata, Biomass, Non-Productive Trunks, Pulp, Renewable Energy
Copyright (c) 2025 Silmi Yusri Rahmadani, Alponsin, Dimas Surya Pratama, Tesri Maideliza http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Diversity of Indigenous Fungi on the Roots of Eucalyptus deglupta in the Pelangi Forest at Ijen Geopark, Bondowoso
Eucalyptus deglupta, a native tree species known for its ecological and economic value, forms unique associations with root fungi that play essential roles in nutrient cycling and plant health. Therefore, this study aims to explore the diversity of indigenous fungi associated with the roots of Eucalyptus deglupta in the Pelangi Forest, located within the Ijen Geopark area, Bondowoso Regency. The methods employed included the isolation of fungal cultures and subsequent identification through macroscopic and microscopic examination of morphological characteristics. The isolation process yielded eight fungal isolates representing seven species: Microsporum gypseum, Aspergillus flavus, Mucor sp., Trichoderma sp., Geotrichum sp., Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Cladophialophora sp. The results indicated a considerable diversity among the isolated fungal species, with several taxa being reported for the first time in the study areaThese findings provide a valuable baseline for future ecological, biotechnological, and conservation studies, particularly in exploring the potential roles of these indigenous fungi in forest health, ecosystem resilience, and sustainable land management practices.
Pelangi Forest at Ijen Geopark Bondowoso
Copyright (c) 2025 DWI NUR RIKHMA SARI, Evi Hanizar http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
The Effect of Amphidromus palaceus and Lissachatina fulica land snail mucus on collagen density in white rats (Rattus norvegicus)
Treatment with natural ingredients is essential for healing incision wounds. One promising natural remedy is land snail mucus, which has been used for centuries to address various health conditions, including wounds. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of mucus from Amphidromus palaceus and Lissachatina fulica on collagen density during the healing process of incision wounds in Rattus norvegicus. The in vivo study included 36 rats, divided into four cages with nine rats per cage. Each of rats subjected to approximately 1 cm incision wounds on their backs. The rats were divided into four groups: a negative control group (KN) receiving aquades, a positive control group (KP) treated with 1% bioplacenton, treatment group 1 (P1) receiving 25 µL of A. palaceus mucus, and treatment group 2 (P2) receiving 25 µL of L. fulica mucus. The experiment concluded on days H3, H5, H7, and H10. Histological preparations were made using MT staining to assess collagen density. The results showed both species of snail mucus significantly increased collagen density compared to the negative control (aquades). However, there were no statistically significant differences when comparing L. fulica, A. palaceus, and bioplacenton. Among all the treatment groups, L. fulica mucus (P2) produced the highest collagen density. These findings suggest that both types of snail mucus hold promising potential in promoting the wound healing process.
Gastropoda; In vivo; Incision wound; Masson trichome; Wound healing.
Copyright (c) 2025 Meilisha Putri Pertiwi, Berry Juliandi, Ayu Savitri Nurinsiyah, Windra Priawandiputra, Johan Iskandar http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Exploration of Plastic Degrading Bacteria in the Musi River, PalembangCity
Musi River is a waterway in South Sumatra that faces increasing plastic pollution, threatening aquatic ecosystems and human life. This study aims to identify and evaluate plastic-degrading bacteria from Musi River using phenotypic and molecular approaches. The methods of this study include bacterial isolation, plastic degradation test, and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis were carried out to assess degradation efficiency and changes in surface morphology, phenotypic and molecular identification. The results showed that isolates S1I3, S1I5, and S2I1 had high plastic degradation potential, with levels of 38.03%, 34.73%, and 30.46%, respectively. SEM observations showed changes in surface morphology, including pores and cracks. Molecular identification confirmed that S1I3 was Bacillus proteolyticus (99.87%), while S1I5 and S2I1 matched Bacillus cereus (100%).
Bacillus; Bacteria; Biodegradation; Musi River; Plastic Pollution.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hary Widjajanti, Annisa Kemala Tasya, Laila Hanum http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Nutritional Analysis of Different Maize Varieties and Silage Produced at Haor Area in Sylhet
Maize and silage play a critical role in livestock nutrition, offering a cost-effective feed with a balanced nutrient profile. Improving maize and silage quality is essential for maximizing animal performance. This study aimed to evaluate the nutritional composition, fiber content, pH levels, and bacterial activity in silage made from two maize varieties—KMHB410 and HMS-PS-3355—using varying levels of molasses as an additive to improve silage quality. The study was conducted in Sylhet, Bangladesh where an absence of green grass causes the cattle to suffer from malnutrition throughout the lean season. Here silage was produced by mixing the chopped maize with 5% and 10% molasses, along with a control group. After 15 days of fermentation, the silage was assessed for dry matter (DM), ether extract (EE), crude protein (CP), crude fiber (CF), and acid detergent fiber (ADF), and the presence of Lactobacillus spp. The study of Dry matter (DM) content ranged from (8.54 to 17.25) %, with HMS-PS-3355 at 17.25% and KMHB 10% molasses at 8.54% (P=0.002). Crude protein (CP) varied significantly (P=0.002), with KMHB C showing the highest value at 19.04%, while HMSC recorded 10.36%. The addition of molasses significantly reduced acid detergent fiber (ADF) content. Bacterial colony-forming units (CFU) were highest in the control silage (97×10⁶ CFU), while the 10% molasses treatment had the lowest count (38×10⁶ CFU), indicating that increased molasses concentrations reduced microbial growth. Confirmation and screening of Lactobacillus spp. in silage was carried out by culturing the microorganisms in a lactobacillus selective MRS media followed by different biochemical tests.
Bacterial strain; Biochemical; Phylogenetic; Silage; Zea mays
Copyright (c) 2025 Mahbub Hasan, Mohammed Mehedi Hasan Khan, Abdullah Al Mamun, Jannati Ful http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
The Effect of Growth Temperature and pH on Lipid Production of Mucor irregularis JR 1.1 for Potential Biodiesel Applications
Mucor irregularis JR 1.1 is a filamentous fungus that can produce lipids. The lipids produced by M. irregularis JR 1.1 reach 40-60%, so they can be used as raw material for biodiesel. Temperature and pH are important factors that support M. irregularis JR 1.1 lipid production. Optimum temperature and pH enhance the activity of enzymes involved in lipid production. Based on previous research, the optimization of temperature and pH in the lipid production of M. irregularis JR 1.1 has not been determined. Therefore, this study aims to determine the optimal temperature and pH for lipid production by M. irregularis JR 1.1. The study involved varying temperature and pH treatments using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Subsequently, lipid production was performed at the optimum temperature and pH under different incubation times. Based on the research results, the highest biomass production was observed at 35°C and pH 4, the highest lipid production was at 35°C and pH 5.5, and the highest glucose consumption rate was at a temperature of 23°C and pH 5.5. The highest lipid yield percentage was 6.2%, and the highest production rate was 0.011g/L/hour at the 96th hour of incubation. Statistical analysis showed high significance, with R² values of 95.88% for lipid production and 89.98% for biomass yield. These findings suggest that M. irregularis JR 1.1 has promising potential as a microbial lipid source for sustainable biodiesel production, particularly under optimized culture conditions.
Copyright (c) 2025 Anggi Putri Pertiwi, Miftahul Ilmi http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Isolation and Identification of Endophytic Cellulolytic Bacteria in Syzygium aqueum Fruit
Some endophytic bacteria are known to have hydrolytic activity by producing hydrolase enzymes. Endophytic bacteria can be found in plant tissue. Exploration of endophytic cellulolytic bacteria in water apple (Syzygium aqueum) fruit has not been widely carried out, so this research is the first to be conducted. This study aimed to isolate, screen, and identify endophytic bacteria from water apple fruit that could produce cellulase enzymes. The research began with bacterial isolation. Then, cellulolytic screening was carried out by inoculating the isolates into a differential medium containing cellulose, Bushnell-Haas agar (BHA). The screening results were characterized and identified through 16S rDNA gene sequence analysis. The isolation results indicated that seven bacterial isolates were screened for cellulolytic activity by cultivating them on BHA medium. The screening revealed that one isolate encode CSZA2 had cellulolytic activity with a cellulolytic index of 0.87. Biochemical characterization and molecular identification of the CSZA2 isolate showed a 99.93% similarity to the Pseudomonas putida RTI2, a bacterium known for producing cellulase enzymes. The discovery of bacterial cellulolytic activity can be developed for biomass degradation, bioethanol production, and agricultural biotechnology.
Bacteria; Cellulolytic; Endophytic; Fruit; Syzygium aqueum
Copyright (c) 2025 Indra Adi Wira Prasetya, Elsa Mega Suryani, Rizka Kusuma Ningrum http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Composition of Non-Volatile Flavor Compounds in Fresh and Dried Sea Lettuce (Ulva lactuca)
Drying has the potential to alter the physical, chemical, and organoleptic characteristics of food materials. This study aims to identify the composition of non-volatile flavor compounds in fresh and dried sea lettuce (Ulva lactuca). The identification of non-volatile flavor compounds was conducted using amino acid profiling through High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The organoleptic characteristics, including appearance, aroma, texture, and taste of fresh and dried sea lettuce samples, were assessed through a simple descriptive test. The quantitative amino acid analysis data and the descriptive test results were analyzed using a comparative descriptive method. The findings revealed that both fresh and dried Ulva lactuca contain 17 types of amino acids, comprising 9 essential amino acids and 8 non-essential amino acids, which influence flavor characteristics. The descriptive test indicated that fresh Ulva lactuca is characterized by clean, shiny, and soft light green to dark green sheets with an elastic texture and a distinctive fresh seaweed aroma. In contrast, dried Ulva lactuca exhibited a yellowish-green color, a stiff and brittle texture, and a stronger salty taste with a slight umami sensation. These findings highlight the potential of Ulva lactuca as a versatile ingredient in food product development, particularly for enhancing flavor and nutritional value.
Copyright (c) 2025 Lisa Gabriela, Rusky Intan Pratama, Junianto http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Antidiarrheal Potential and Phytochemical Profile of Different Solvent Extract of Jambu Wer (Elaeocarpus longifolius)
The ethnopharmacological significance of Elaeocarpus longifolius (Jambu Wer), an indigenous medicinal plant of the Tengger Tribe, remains underexplored. This study evaluates the antibacterial and phytochemical properties of E. longifolius fruit extracts using ethanol, n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and chloroform as solvents. Antibacterial activity was assessed against Escherichia coli and Shigella dysenteriae, pathogens commonly associated with severe diarrhea, using the agar disk-diffusion method. Phytochemical screening was conducted using reagent-based tests and thin-layer chromatography (TLC). The ethanol extract exhibited the highest antibacterial activity, with inhibition zones exceeding 20 mm against both bacterial species. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, and tannins (compounds known for their pharmacological properties). These findings highlight the potential of E. longifolius ethanol extract as a promising natural therapeutic candidate for the development of Fitofarmaka targeting diarrheal diseases.
Antibacterial activity, Diarrheal diseases, Elaeocarpus longifolius, Phytochemicals, Solvent variations.
Copyright (c) 2025 Weka Sidha Bhagawan, Vevi Maritha, Dioni Fadia Zatalini, Titin Kuntum Mandalawati, Yona Bayu Prasetyo, Jo Neil T Peria, Gema DC Santos, Alice T Rivera, Jade O Hison, Percival Donato, Jennifer Amaranto, Analiza B Tanghal http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
The Role of Gut Microbiota in Metabolism and Immune Response: A Literature Review on Metabolic Health
The gut microbiota, a community of microorganisms within the digestive tract, plays a pivotal role in human health by regulating both immune function and metabolism. This review examines the contributions of the gut microbiota to immune responses and metabolic health, as well as its role in preventing chronic diseases. We employed a mixed-methods (qualitative and quantitative) literature review spanning the last 50 years and analyzed 100 articles related to Gut Microbiota in Metabolism and Immune Response. The inclusion criteria encompassed all studies focusing on the gut microbiota’s impact on metabolic and immune functions, while non-relevant studies were excluded. Our analysis highlights recent findings on the microbiota’s ability to produce metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), which exhibit anti-inflammatory properties and reinforce mucosal integrity. A balanced gut microbiota supports immune regulation, inhibits pathogen colonization, and optimizes metabolic processes. However, lifestyle factors—including high-sugar, low-fiber diets, antibiotic misuse, stress, and insufficient sleep—can disrupt this microbial equilibrium and lead to dysbiosis. Such imbalances can precipitate metabolic and inflammatory disorders, including diabetes, autoimmune diseases, and cardiovascular conditions. This review underscores the importance of maintaining a balanced gut microbiota for disease prevention and long-term health, as well as the need to raise awareness about the impact of lifestyle choices on gut health.
Dysbiosis; Gut Microbiota; Immune System; Metabolic Health; SCFA
Copyright (c) 2025 Delia Yusfarani, Uswatun Hasanah, Anita Restu Puji Raharjeng, Andi Saputra, Muhammad Alif Saputra, Ikhwan Hafizh Mauludi, Kenny Edward Yap http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Potential of Bacteriophages as Non-Alcoholic Antiseptic Hand Sanitizer
Bacteriophages, or phages, are viruses that can infect and replicate within bacterial cells, such as Escherichia coli. Phages demonstrate a strong ability to lyse host bacteria and exhibit high survivability, making them a promising innovation for use in non-alcoholic antiseptic products, such as hand sanitizer sprays and bacteriophage gels. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of bacteriophage-based hand sanitizer sprays and gels in reducing E. coli growth and total microbial colonies on palms, compared to commercial alcohol-based hand sanitizers. The method used in this study is a descriptive quantitative approach using an experimental method, specifically the Hand Sanitizer Spray and Bacteriophage Gel Test as Non-Alcohol Antiseptics. The average total bacterial colonies on male palms for the control treatment, phage gel sanitizer and commercial gel hand sanitizer were 1.95 x 104 CFU/mL; 1.15 x 103 CFU/mL; 2.55 x 103 CFU/mL, respectively, while on female palms, the values were 2.35 x 104 CFU/mL; 3.05 x 103 CFU/mL; 1.65 x 103 CFU/mL. The average total bacterial colonies on male palms for control treatment, phage sanitizer spray and commercial sanitizer spray were 1.30 x 105 CFU/mL; 2.05 x 103 CFU/mL; 9, 04 x 104 CFU/mL, respectively, while on female palms, the value was 1.58 x 105 CFU/mL; 8.36 x 103 CFU/mL; 8.79 x 104 CFU/mL. The results demonstrated that both bacteriophage hand sanitizer gel and spray significantly reduce bacterial colonies on palms, with phage-based hand sanitizer showing greater efficacy than commercial alcohol-based hand sanitizer.
Antimicrobial; Bacteriophage; Escherichia coli; Hand Sanitizer
Copyright (c) 2025 Riri Novita Sunarti, Ike Apriani, Septa Ardiyan Muka Rohma, Adam Ramat hidayat, Frety Abelia Azzumar, Salem Ebraiek http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
The Role of Zeolite in Alleviating Lead Toxicity in Tubifex tubifex
Low-cost, environmentally friendly adsorbents and catalysts have gained importance in research due to their impact on heavy metals in recent years. This study aimed to investigate the ameliorative effect of adsorbent material properties of zeolite against the lead bioaccumulation of Tubifex tubifex (Müller 1774). The oligochaete worms were exposed to 0.1 μg/l Pb, 0.1 μg/l Pb+0.1 μg/l zeolite, and 0.1 μg/l Pb+1 μg/l zeolite mixtures for 24, 48, and 96 hours. Lead accumulation in the whole body and environmental media of T. tubifex was determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Lead toxicity increased with increasing durations of exposure. In all groups, lead accumulation was obtained to be statistically significant at exposure times. The presence and concentration of zeolite significantly reduced the accumulation of lead content in T. tubifex.
Copyright (c) 2024 Burcu Yeşilbudak http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Distribution of Uromycladium acaciae disease on Acacia mearnsii woodlots; response and farmers’ cultural management practices in Fagita Lekoma district, Ethiopia
Acacia mearnsii-based rotational cropping was introduced to Ethiopia's highlands in the past two decades for its charcoal production and soil enhancement benefits. However, since 2020, plantations have been threatened by disease infestation. This study examines the distribution of Uromycladium acaciae on Acacia mearnsii and its management options in Fagita Lekoma, Ethiopia. Using systematic sampling, 28 woodlots were established. Data collection employed transect walks, 140 household interviews, 11 informant interviews, and 3 group discussions. Plantation size was analyzed using analysis of variance, while the relationship between education level and disease management decisions was tested using chi-square with R-software. Results revealed that only 4.5-, 5.5-, and 6.5-year plantations were observed during field assessment. Plantations less than 4-year old were not observed. New plantings in the past three consecutive years were abandoned. Complete (100%) distribution occurred in woodlots aged 4.5 and 5.5 years, however, a slight reduction (90.3%) was observed in 6.5-year woodlots. Seedlings and younger trees were more damaged than mature trees. Tree producers did not implement any cultural control measures and lacked information about the occurrence, identity, and damage caused by diseases. Instead, they converted their younger plantations to other land uses and harvested older ones for fences, firewood, and charcoal. The disease was perceived as severe during the rainy seasons (74.6%). Most respondents (94.3%) were still interested in production and related activities, while 5.7% were strongly discouraged. Commencing plantations with a mix of non-target, fast-growing, and environmentally-friendly trees is ideal. Research on the integrated management of Uromycladium acaciae should be strengthened.
Copyright (c) 2025 Abebaw Alene Yallew, Asmamaw Alemu Abtew, Weldesenbet Beze Kassie http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Preliminary Survey of Forest Nursery Diseases in Ethiopia
The availability of a healthy stock of seedlings is fundamental for raising plantations. A survey was conducted from 2023 to 2024 to observe the occurrence of diseases in forest nursery seedlings in different zones of the Oromia and Amhara regions. During the survey, various plant species were examined for disease occurrence. It was found that E. camaldulensis, E. globulus, Acacia decurrens, Cupressus lusitanica, Grevillea robusta, A.indica, Juniperus procera, Pinus patula, and Dovyalis abyssinica were infected by a disease. The assessment recorded seven seedling diseases, with 12 fungal genera of pathogens isolated. The recorded symptoms of disease during the study included powdery mildew, damping-off, leaf spot, leaf blotch, rust, shoot dieback, and wilting. The pathogens identified from the recorded diseases symptoms were B.cinerea, Alternaria ,Pestalotiopsis spp., Podosphaera spp., Fusarium spp., R.solani, Cylindrocladium spp.,Uromycladium spp.,Phoma spp.and Pythium spp. Rhizoctonia solani was frequently isolated from the damping-off symptoms. Field observations indicated that damping-off on C.lusitanica and p.patula, as well as powdery mildew on Eucalyptus species, are becoming serious problems that limit the production of nursery seedlings. The infection of disease is greatly influenced by improper nursery practices during seedling production, location and type. Some the recorded diseases can cause losses in seedling quality and quantity which can affect plantation programs. The surveys reported here provide a foundation for understanding the status of forest nursery diseases in Ethiopia and serve as a useful reference for assessing current and future forest disease developments and management. Further study on inoculum sources and the morphological characteristics of pathogens associated with seedling diseases using molecular tools is also needed.
Forest, Fungal pathogen, nursery, seedling
Copyright (c) 2026 Kumela Regasa Tiki, Weldesenbet Beze http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Satellite-derived Sea Level Height Trend and Variation associated with Eastern Little Tuna (Euthynnus affinis) catch rates in the Makassar Strait
Sea level is a key oceanographic variable that exhibits both spatial and temporal variability and serves as an important indicator of global and regional ocean–climate variability, which can influence fishery productivity. Using satellite observation data, this study aimed to identify patterns and fluctuations in sea level trends and variability, and to examine their effects on the catch rates of Eastern Little Tuna (Euthynnus affinis) in the Makassar Strait over a ten-year period (2013–2022). Sea level time series were generated through averaging calculations and spatial mean mapping to characterize sea level distribution. Histogram analysis was applied to determine the frequency of catch per unit effort (CPUE) across different sea level ranges. The results showed that mean sea level in the Makassar Strait during the study period ranged from 0.48 to 0.78 m. Clear annual and seasonal sea level variability was observed, with higher values (0.65–0.70 m) during the northwest monsoon and lower values (0.50–0.60 m) during the southeast monsoon. Over the ten-year period, sea level increased by approximately 0.13 m. The highest CPUE of Eastern Little Tuna was associated with sea levels between 0.60 and 0.65 m. Histogram analysis further indicated that this sea level range corresponded to the maximum CPUE values. In contrast, higher sea levels ranging from 0.75 to 0.80 m were associated with the lowest CPUE, value of 30 kg/trip.
Euthynnus affinis; Makassar Strait; Sea level; Tren; Variation
Copyright (c) 2025 Mega L. Syamsuddin, Ajeng R. Puspita, Fadli Syamsudin, Sunarto, Neng T. Sofyana http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Study of the Efficacy of Different Concentrations of Alcohol-Based Hand Sanitizer in Preventing Pathogen Transmission Through Palms
An integral part of the human body is the hands, which most frequently come into contact with various items; they can be an intermediary for spreading infections from hands to food and potentially eaten by humans. Maintaining hand hygiene is the right strategy to avoid this spread, which includes using an alcohol-based hand sanitizer. This study examines the potential for varying concentrations of alcohol-based hand sanitizer to transmit pathogens through the palms. The form of research is a laboratory experiment with an appropriate research design. Test the antibacterial potential of variations in alcohol-based hand sanitizer concentrations of 40, 50, 60, 70, and 70% using well diffusion and dilution methods. The tests were done in quadruplicates. The test bacteria used are Escherichia coli, Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Staphylococcus aureus. The results of the research showed that of the four variations in the concentration of alcohol-based hand sanitizer, the bacteriostatic ability against Salmonella typhimurium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteria was at a concentration of 40% to 80%. The bactericidal activity at a concentration of 80% was demonstrated by Escherichia coli, Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus. Bactericidal activity was demonstrated against Escherichia coli, Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus at an 80% concentration.
Antibacterial efficacy, Alcohol-based hand sanitizer, Transmission of pathogen, Palms
Copyright (c) 2024 Evy Ratnasari Ekawati, Setyo Dwi Santoso, Muhammad Sungging Pradana, Andreas Putro Ragil Santoso, Mufida Hanum, Intan Wahyunillah Zaidah Khoir, Rosyidatul Arifima http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Natural Antioxidants Effect on the Performance of Erythrocytes, Leucocytes, and Hb Levels of Pregnant Mice Exposed to the Plastic
Plastic is a widely used material with several toxic components, such as free radicals. HDPE plastic is considered safer but requires more attention due to increased usage. Exogen antioxidant is needed to neutralize free radicals. This research aimed to evaluate the effect of natural antioxidants on the performance of erythrocytes, leucocytes, and hemoglobin levels of pregnant mice exposed to plastic compounds. The study used a completely randomized design with six groups and four replicates each. Those groups were aquadest control, plastic chemical compounds (PCC) control, PCC + carrot juice, PCC + orange juice, PCC + purple sweet potato juice, and PCC + mung bean sprouts juice. The PCC was obtained from boiling HDPE plastic, while natural antioxidant juice was from pure sources. Pregnant mice were treated with 0.25 ml of each orally for 21 days, starting from the first gestational day. Blood was collected from a caudal vein. Erythrocytes and leucocytes were counted using a hemocytometer, and Hb levels were measured by the Sahli method. Blood cell morphology was assessed using Giemsa-stained blood smears. Statistical data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA using GraphPad Prism ver.10.0 software, while morphology data were analyzed descriptively. The results showed that PCC and natural antioxidants did not impact the number of erythrocytes, leucocytes, cell morphology, and Hb levels of pregnant mice. However, natural antioxidants may stabilize the erythrocyte total and Hb levels after the treatments are completed.
Erythrocytes; Leukocytes; HDPE plastic; Hemoglobin; Natural antioxidant.
Copyright (c) 2024 Endah Sri Palupi, Eko Setio Wibowo, IGA. Ayu Ratna Puspitasari, Atang http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Bioconcentration Factor of Avicennia marina (Forsk.) and Rhizophora mucronata (Lamk.) Inhabiting Coastal Area of Semarang City on Cadmium
Mangrove plants are expected to act as bioaccumulator for heavy metals in the coastal area. One of heavy metals with great potential risk to the environment is Cadmium (Cd). This research aimed to study the concentration of Cd in the sediment, water, and mangrove organs, as well as to analyse the bioconcentration factor of mangrove plants in the coastal area of Semarang City. This research was carried out through experimental survey. The survey was carried out to a specified environment criteria which could be considered as experiment setting, including the growing location and mangrove species. The growing location including the shore and pond area while mangrove species using Avicennia marina and Rhizophora mucronata. The parameters are Cd level in root, leaf, water and sediment. Samples of Cd was taken from leaf and root as well as water and sediment under mangrove stands growing in the shore and pond areas, then the sample was analyzed using Atomic Absorbtion Spectrophotometer (AAS) method. The data was analyzed using ANOVA and further testing using DMRT. The result suggested that Cd accumulation was much higher in the pond area, both in the water and sediment. In addition, Cd concentration in mangrove organs showed similar behaviour. Bioconcentration factor analysis suggests that A. marina and R. mucronata are potential as bioaccumulator of Cd based on BCF value more than 1, comprising the index up to 20.333 for A. marina and 24.866 for R. mucronata.
Copyright (c) 2024 Endah Dwi Hastuti, Munifatul Izzati, Erma Prihastanti http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Flavonoids and Antioxidant Activities of Silver Nanoparticles of Extract Galaxaura rugosa
Algae Galaxaura rugosa contains phenolic compounds, flavonoids, β-carotene, and galactane sulfate, which are natural antioxidants. The development of antioxidants of red algae into silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) can improve their effectiveness in preventing ROS. The objective of this study is to synthesize silver nanoparticles using G. rugosa algae as well as to test the total flavonoid levels and antioxidant activity of G. rugosa silver nanoparticles. The method of research for synthesis silvernanoparticles using extract G. rugosa as a bioreductor. Characterization of silver nanoparticle G. rugosa using Particle Size Analysis (PSA) and UV-Vis Spectrophotometer. The total flavonoid and antioxidant activities of silver nanoparticles using UV- VIS spectrophotometer. The test of antioxidant activity using the DPPH method. The research results showed that silver nanoparticles using G. rugosa resulted in a color change of the soluble from green to yellow. The UV- VIS spectrophotometer measurement in the 570-580 nm wave range with a maximum wavelength of 406 nm. The measurement of the size distribution of the nanoparticles formed using PSA is an average of 11 nm. Total flavonoid silver nanoparticles of G. rugosa value of 36.21±0.65 mgQE/g higher than extract value of 32,12±0,79 mgQE/g. The antioxidant activity of IC50 of silver nanoparticle G. rugosa value of 26.658 ±1.44 ppm is very strong and the extract value of 46,128 ± 1.6 is strong category.
Antioxidant; Flavonoid; Galaxaura rugose; Silver nanoparticle
Copyright (c) 2024 Evika Savitri, Mohamad Fajar Bahari, Eko Budi Minarno, Shinta http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Interleukin-33 as a Potential Biomarker for Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Cross-Sectional Study
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease that affects about 1% of the general population. It is characterized by chronic, progressive, and systemic inflammation. Interleukin-33 (IL-33), is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that is believed to be involved in joint inflammation in RA. This cross-sectional research aims to determine if interleukin-33 (IL-33) could serve as a potential biomarker for RA diagnosis and evaluation of activity of RA. The research involved 132 patients with inflammatory arthritis, and their serum levels of IL-33 and anti-citrullinated peptide antibody (ACPA) were measured using ELISA. Other routine biomarkers, including C-reactive protein (CRP), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and rheumatoid factor (RF), were also measured. The median (IQR) of IL-33 was significantly lower in patients with RA [10.576 pg/mL (7.920)] than in those with other types of inflammatory arthritis [12.896 pg/mL (5.700)]. The study also revealed a non-significant difference in IL-33 levels among the four disease activity groups according to DAS-28 ESR and DAS-28 CRP (P = 0.830, P = 0.340, respectively). Additionally, IL-33 had a significant negative correlation with age (P = 0.019) and diabetes mellitus (P = 0.032). To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to evaluate IL-33 as a diagnostic tool, showing a sensitivity of 59.8% and a specificity of 72% at a cut-off value of ≤11.8207 pg/mL. IL-33 test alone is not sufficient for the diagnosis of RA or differentiating it from other types of inflammatory arthritis. Also, it cannot be used as a routine biomarker for the evaluation of RA activity.
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA), Interleukin-33 (IL-33), DAS-28 ESR, DAS-28 CRP.
Copyright (c) 2024 Mays Saleh Khamees, Raad Abdulameer Alasady, Hashim Ali Alsherees http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Induction of in Vitro Germination of Tandui (Mangifera rufocostata Kostrem.): Effect of Antioxidants and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid
The bark of tandui (Mangifera rufocostata Kostrem.) is commonly used as a medicine for diabetes. Regeneration of this plant is difficult, and continuous harvesting of the bark leads to a decrease in the plant population. The purpose of this research is to apply tissue culture techniques for the propagation of tandui. Different antioxidants (KNO3, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), Murashige and Skoog (MS) media + PVP, and MS + ascorbic acid) and varying concentrations of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) (0.8, 1.0, 1.2, and 1.4 mg L–1) were tested for embryogenic tandui. The application of KNO3 and PVP suppressed the formation of browning in the media and explant of tandui. Soaking the explants in KNO3 and PVP reduce browning to 35% and 20%, respectively. The results also showed that increasing the concentration of 2,4-D enhanced the percentage of embryogenic tandui. Supplementing the media with 1.4 mg L–1 2,4-D resulted in 90% of embryogenic tandui. This study demonstrates that pre-soaking explants in antioxidants significantly reduces media browning, and supplementation of MS media with 2,4-D enhance embryogenic process. Thus, micropropagation of tandui could be achieved on a commercial basis.
Germination; In vitro; Micropropagation; Phenolic Compounds; Somatic Embryogenesis
Copyright (c) 2025 Adistina Fitriani, Yudi Firmanul Arifin, Gusti Muhammad Hatta, Raihani Wahdah http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Functional 3D Structure Analysis of Quasispecies Variants of Hepatitis B Virus Surface and Core Protein in Advanced Liver Disease and Chronic HBV Infection Patients in Indonesia: In Silico
Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) is an endemic virus and belongs to Hepadnaviridae family. This virus can result in variations of quasispecies due to its high rate of mutation. A quasispecies variant is a small population and develops as a result of mutation and can become a wild-type population. This research aims to study and carry out 3D modeling on 12 in-house full sequence HBV genome isolates from Indonesia and obtain predictive visualization data to become a reference for further research leading to the production of anti-virals and natural treatments for HBV. 12 in-house full HBV genome sequences obtained from previous research were used to carry out 3D modeling and structural analysis of the surface protein, core protein, and polymerase protein. Analysis was carried out in silico using programs available online. Phylogenetic analysis was carried out using MEGA11, translation of nucleotides into protein sequences using the ExPAsy Translate portal, physiochemical analysis using ProtParam portal, and functional domain testing using the MOTIF tool from GenomeNet. Then 3D modelling using Phyre2 and SWISS-MODEL. The major mutation of the S protein occurs in L21S and mutations in the C protein mainly occur in P79Q and S87G. The model for S Protein from homology structure prediction is not reliable thus it still needs more templates from experimental techniques. While C Protein structure prediction can provide information for further research in alternative natural antiviral treatment.
Copyright (c) 2024 Samuel Johanes Aldrian Mahulette, Adhisa Fathirisari Putri, Azki Afidati Putri Anfa, Yoshihiko Yano, Jajar Setiawan, Wahyu Aristyaning Putri http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
The Role of Galectin-3 in The Diagnosis and Evaluation of Disease Activity in Rheumatoid Arthritis
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease that primarily affects small joints, leading to joint inflammation, pain, and limited mobility. New biomarkers specific to RA could facilitate early diagnosis and treatment, while also enabling better monitoring of disease activity and treatment response. By ELISA, galectin-3 (gal-3) level was measured in 133 patients with inflammatory arthritis to determine the diagnostic value of gal-3 in the diagnosis of RA and evaluate the disease activity. Serum gal-3 levels were significantly higher in RA patients compared to patients with other types of inflammatory arthritis. According to CDAI, DAS-28 ESR, and DAS-28 CRP, gal-3 showed positive correlations with disease activity scores. Galectin-3 at a cut-off value of ≥ 2.4 ng/ml, revealed 89% sensitivity, 91% specificity, and an AUC of 0.893. There was a significant correlation between gal-3 and the age of RA patients, while no significant correlations were observed with gender, BMI, and smoking index. Notably, gal-3 levels correlated significantly with CRP, RF titer, and ACPA levels. Therefore, gal-3 can be considered a valuable biomarker for the diagnosis of RA and evaluating the disease activity.
Rheumatoid Arthritis, Galectin-3, CDAI, DAS-28 ESR, and DAS-28 CRP
Potentials of Predators of Weaver Ants Towards Caterpillar in Palm Plantation with The Test Preferences Method
The problem that arises in palm oil plantation operation on a huge scale is the appearance of caterpillar pest that attacks palm oil plants. There are several important pests that attack palm oil plants such as caterpillars which are the sort of Setora nitens. The appearance of the past becomes an important concern for the world’s plantation. How to eradicate the pest naturally is the performed effort. This effort can be done by using weaver ant. Weaver has the potential as the natural enemy of palm oil because they can be nesting in arboreal areas. So, this research object will focus on observing the weaver ant (Ocoephylla smaragdina) predator ability by using the forage preference test method toward several types of dominant pests in palm oil plants, especially caterpillars. Preference for choice and no-choice tests. The material used is an oil palm plantation with four species of caterpillar as the main pest on a palm plantation. The tool used in the test box amount to four in which each of the six different types of caterpillars are inserted. This research is conducted on a laboratory scale by using a complete random program experiment (CRP) and was conducted in April 2016 at Biology Laboratory UIN Raden Fatah Palembang. The research results show that the weaver ant (O. smaragdina) can prey on the S. nitens caterpillar the similarity test average is 87,50% by using a nonchoice technique. The choice methods O. smaragdina can be prey 41,67% S. nitens. In the similarity test average choice techniques are different (83,33%).
O. smaragdina, Caterpillar (S. nitens), Preference test, Choice and non-choice Methods, Palm oil Plantations