DOMINASI EMISI AMERIKA SERIKAT DAN TIONGKOK SEBAGAI HARMFUL INSTITUTIONS DAN KETIDAKADILAN TERHADAP NEGARA RENTAN DALAM KAJIAN ETIKA POLITIK THOMAS POGGE

Abstract

This study examines the dominance of carbon emissions by the United States (US) and China as a form of Harmful Institutions within the framework of Thomas Pogge’s political ethics. Together, these two countries account for over 40% of global annual emissions. However, their energy policies not only cause ecological damage but also create global structures that systematically disadvantage vulnerable nations. Countries such as the Maldives, Bangladesh, and regions in Sub-Saharan Africa, which have contributed minimally to the climate crisis, are suffering its most severe impacts. Through the principles of do no harm, compensatory justice, and institutional reform, Pogge offers a moral framework for evaluating the responsibility of major polluting states and advocating for structural reform in global climate governance. This study uses a qualitative analytical approach with case studies and the latest emissions data to explore ecological inequality and analyze how US and Chinese policies exacerbate the vulnerabilities of developing countries. The main findings indicate that climate justice requires the recognition of historical responsibility, fair compensation, and reform of international institutions. This research extends Pogge’s theory by incorporating transnational elements and intergenerational principles in constructing a roadmap toward a more ecologically and ethically just world order.