Adolescent Depression in the Digital Era: An Analysis of Prophetic Hadith as the Foundation of Humanistic Islamic Counseling
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.19109/q3rq4763Abstract
Adolescent depression has emerged as a significant mental health challenge in the digital era, driven by excessive social media exposure, cyberbullying, identity crises, and weakened interpersonal relationships. These conditions demand a holistic counseling approach that integrates psychological, ethical, and spiritual dimensions. This study examines the prophetic hadith as a foundational framework for developing a humanistic Islamic counseling model in addressing adolescent depression. Employing a qualitative research design based on library research, this study applies a thematic (maudhu'i) analysis of selected hadiths related to emotional well-being, hope, patience, compassion, social support, and the prohibition of despair. The findings reveal that the Prophet Muhammad, PBUH, emphasized psychological balance, empathy, positive coping strategies, and communal responsibility as essential elements in maintaining mental health. Values such as rahmah (compassion), sabr (patience), tawakkal (trust in God), and emotional self-regulation are shown to be highly relevant to contemporary adolescent counseling practices. From this perspective, Islamic counseling grounded in hadith does not promote spiritual escapism but rather encourages active resilience, self-awareness, and social connectedness. The study argues that a humanistic counseling model rooted in prophetic teachings can serve as a preventive and curative approach to adolescent depression in the digital age. This research contributes to the development of Islamic counseling discourse, enriches hadith studies with mental health perspectives, and offers an alternative ethical framework for addressing youth depression in modern society.
References
Adz-Dzakiey, H. B. (2007). Psikologi Kenabian: Menghidupkan Potensi dan Kepribadian Kenabian dalam Diri. Beranda Publishing. Google Scholar
al-Tabari, A. J. M. b J. (1963). Tarikh al-Rusul wa al-Muluk (Vol. 2). Dar al-Turath. Google Scholar
al-ʿAynī, B. al-Dīn. (1975). ʿUmdat al-qārī sharḥ Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī (Vol. 15). Dar Al-Fikr. Google Scholar
Al-Ghazali, I. (1993). Ihya Ulumuddin: Vol. Juz 3. Dar al-Ma’rifah. Google Scholar
al-ʻ Asqalānī, A. ibn ʻAlī I. Ḥajar. (1882). Fatḥ Al-Bārī bi-Sharḥ ṣahīḥ al-Bukhārī (Vol. 11). Dar al-Ma’rifah. Google Scholar
Al-Jauziyah, I. Q. (1998). Zād al-ma‘ād fī hady khayr al-‘ibād (Vol. 3). Mu’assasat al-Risālah. Google Scholar
Al-Jauziyah, I. Q. (2006). Al-dā’ wa al-dawā’. Dar Al-Kutub Al-Ilmiyah. Google Scholar
Al-Qurthubi, M. I. A.-H. (2006). Al-Jāmiʿ li Aḥkām al-Qurʾān (Vol. 10). Dar Al-Kutub Al-Ilmiyah. Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fifth Edition). American Psychiatric Association. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596. Google Scholar
Awaad, R., & Ali, S. (2015). Obsessional Disorders in al-Balkhi′s 9th century treatise: Sustenance of the Body and Soul. Journal of Affective Disorders, 180, 185–189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2015.03.003. Google Scholar
Badri, M. (2000). Contemplation: An Islamic Psychospiritual Study. International Institute of Islamic Thought. Google Scholar
Beck, A. T., & Haigh, E. A. P. (2014). Advances in Cognitive Theory and Therapy: The Generic Cognitive Model*. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 10(Volume 10, 2014), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032813-153734. Google Scholar
Beck, A. T., Rush, A. J., Shaw, B. F., & Emery, G. (1979). Cognitive Therapy of Depression. The Guilford Press. Google Scholar
Cheavens, J. S., Feldman, D. B., Woodward, J. T., & Snyder, C. R. (2006). Hope in Cognitive Psychotherapies: On Working With Client Strengths. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 20(2), 135–145. https://doi.org/10.1891/jcop.20.2.135
Cirasola, A., Midgley, N., Fonagy, P., Impact Consortium, null, & Martin, P. (2021). The alliance-outcome association in the treatment of adolescent depression. Psychotherapy (Chicago, Ill.), 58(1), 95–108. https://doi.org/10.1037/pst0000366
Compas, B. E., Jaser, S. S., Bettis, A. H., Watson, K. H., Gruhn, M. A., Dunbar, J. P., Williams, E., & Thigpen, J. C. (2017). Coping, emotion regulation, and psychopathology in childhood and adolescence: A meta-analysis and narrative review. Psychological Bulletin, 143(9), 939–991. Google Scholar
Corey, G. (2017). Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy. Cengage Learning. Google Scholar
ODaradjat, Z. (1970). Ilmu jiwa agama. Bulan Bintang. Google Scholar
Faqih, A. R. (2001). Bimbingan dan konseling dalam Islam. UII Press. Google Scholar
Firdaus, D., & Murtadho, A. (2025). Mental Strengthening in Humanistic Counseling Based on Hadith. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, IX(XVII), 506–516. https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2025.917PSY0046
Frankl, V. E. (2006). Man’s Search for Meaning. Beacon Press. Google Scholar
Gross, J. J. (2015). Emotion Regulation: Current Status and Future Prospects. Psychological Inquiry, 26(1), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1080/1047840X.2014.940781
Haidt, J. (2024). The Anxious Generation: How the Great Rewiring of Childhood Is Causing an Epidemic of Mental Illness. Penguin Press. Google Scholar
Haryanto, S., & Mufid, F. (2025). Health Problems among Students at the University of Science Al-Qur’an, Central Java: A Case Study. Journal of Hunan University Natural Sciences, 52(7). https://jonuns.com/index.php/journal/article/view/1783
Heck, P. L. (2024). The Ethics of Weeping in Islam. Journal of the American Academy of Religion, 92(2), 333–353. https://doi.org/10.1093/jaarel/lfae072
Hidayati, N., Musafaah, S., Pratiwi, R. C. A., & Fadzil, H. (2025). Empathy in the Quran Perspective and its Actualization on Humanitarian Issues in Palestine. QiST: Journal of Quran and Tafseer Studies, 4(2), 499–516. https://doi.org/10.23917/qist.v4i2.10238
Hinduja, S., & Patchin, J. W. (2015). Bullying Beyond the Schoolyard: Preventing and Responding to Cyberbullying. Corwin. Google Scholar
Ibn Hisyam. (1990). Sirah Nabawiyyah. Dar Al-Ma’arif. Google Scholar
Junaedi, D., Sahliah, S., Hajar, S., & Hermansyah, H. (2024). Guidance and Counseling in Islamic Perspective. Proceedings of Siliwangi Annual International Conference on Guidance and Counselling, 3(1), 71–79. https://doi.org/10.64420/saicgc.v3i1.39
Kim, N. R., Jo, Y. S., Cho, Y. I., Choi, Y., & Park, S. J. (2023). Longitudinal relationship between depression and antisocial behaviors in Korean adolescents. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1053759
Koenig, H. G. (2018). Religion and Mental Health: Research and Clinical Applications. Academic Press. Google Scholar
Koenig, H., King, D., & Carson, V. B. (2012). Handbook of Religion and Health. Oxford University Press. Google Scholar
Labouliere, C. D., Reyes, J. P., Shirk, S., & Karver, M. (2017). Therapeutic Alliance With Depressed Adolescents: Predictor or Outcome? Disentangling Temporal Confounds to Understand Early Improvement. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology : The Official Journal for the Society of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, American Psychological Association, Division 53, 46(4), 600–610. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2015.1041594
Lin, Y., Chen, Z., He, M., Zhou, W., Wang, L., Guo, H., & Huang, K. (2024). The relationship between anxiety and depression in adolescent depression patients: The mediating effect of hope level and coping modes. Heliyon, 10(15), e35466. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e35466
Lindqvist, K., Mechler, J., Falkenström, F., Carlbring, P., Andersson, G., & Philips, B. (2023). Therapeutic alliance is calming and curing-The interplay between alliance and emotion regulation as predictors of outcome in Internet-based treatments for adolescent depression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 91(7), 426–437. https://doi.org/10.1037/ccp0000815
Liu, Q., Martin, N. C., Findling, R. L., Youngstrom, E. A., Garber, J., Curry, J. F., Hyde, J. S., Essex, M. J., Compas, B. E., Goodyer, I. M., Rohde, P., Stark, K. D., Slattery, M. J., Forehand, R., & Cole, D. A. (2021). Hopelessness and depressive symptoms in children and adolescents: An integrative data analysis. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 130(6), 594–607. https://doi.org/10.1037/abn0000667
Loades, M. E., Chatburn, E., Higson-Sweeney, N., Reynolds, S., Shafran, R., Brigden, A., Linney, C., McManus, M. N., Borwick, C., & Crawley, E. (2020). Rapid Systematic Review: The Impact of Social Isolation and Loneliness on the Mental Health of Children and Adolescents in the Context of COVID-19. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 59(11), 1218-1239.e3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2020.05.009
Maharani, R., Yazid, Y., Rafdeadi, R., & Azwar, A. (2024). Dakwah dan Konseling dalam Menghadapi Isu Kesehatan Mental di Indonesia. Idarotuna, 6(2), 87–103. https://doi.org/10.24014/idarotuna.v6i2.32927
Mardison, S., Anidar, J., Fajri, S., Yusra, I., & Putri, A. R. (2025). Mujadalah Ahsan Counseling Model to Overcome Mental Health Disorders of BKPI Final Year Students at PTKIN Sumatera. QALAMUNA: Jurnal Pendidikan, Sosial, Dan Agama, 17(2), 913–924. https://doi.org/10.37680/qalamuna.v17i2.7386
Mujtaba, M. S., Istiqomah, I., & Rini, F. S. (2025). Applying Hamka’s Psychopspiritual Therapy Among University’s Students: Case of Universitas Darussalam Gontor. Progresiva : Jurnal Pemikiran Dan Pendidikan Islam, 14(01), 39–52. https://doi.org/10.22219/progresiva.v14i01.37453
Myers, D. G. (2013). Psychology (10th ed.). Worth Publishers. Google Scholar
Nawawi, I. (1996a). Syarh Shahih Muslim (Vol. 2). Dar Al-Kutub Al-Ilmiyah. Google Scholar
Nawawi, I. (1996b). Syarh Shahih Muslim (Vol. 14). Dar Al-Kutub Al-Ilmiyah. Google Scholar
Nawawi, I. (1996c). Syarh Shahih Muslim (Vol. 12). Dar Al-Kutub Al-Ilmiyah. Google Scholar
Pargament, K. I. (Ed.). (2013). APA handbook of psychology, religion, and spirituality. American Psychological Association. Google Scholar
Pham, M. D., Wulan, N. R., Sawyer, S. M., Agius, P. A., Fisher, J., Tran, T., Medise, B. E., Devaera, Y., Riyanti, A., Ansariadi, A., Cini, K., Kennedy, E., Wiweko, B., Luchters, S., Kaligis, F., Wiguna, T., & Azzopardi, P. S. (2024). Mental Health Problems Among Indonesian Adolescents: Findings of a Cross-Sectional Study Utilizing Validated Scales and Innovative Sampling Methods. Journal of Adolescent Health, 75(6), 929–938. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2024.07.016
Probst, G. H., Berger, T., & Flückiger, C. (2019). The Alliance-Outcome Relation in Internet-Based Interventions for Psychological Disorders: A Correlational Meta-Analysis. Verhaltenstherapie, 32(Suppl. 1), 135–146. https://doi.org/10.1159/000503432
Qardhawi, Y. (2002). Fiqh Dakwah. Gema Insani.
Redzwan, I. D. B. M., & Bannga, A. E.-M. (2023). التقمص العاطفي وتطبيقاته في السنة النبوية: Empathy and its Application in The Prophetic Tradition. Journal of Hadith Studies, 159–183. https://doi.org/10.33102/johs.v8i2.270
Rogers, C. R. (1961). On becoming a person: A therapist’s view of psychotherapy (9. print). Houghton, Mifflin. Google Scholar
Rosepti, P. (2023). Exploring Empathy in The Human Development Perspective and Its Practical Implications Based on The Islamic Foundations. International Journal of Education, Language, and Religion, 5(1), 74–88. https://doi.org/10.35308/ijelr.v5i1.5976
Rothman, A., & Coyle, A. (2018). Toward a Framework for Islamic Psychology and Psychotherapy: An Islamic Model of the Soul. Journal of Religion and Health, 57(5), 1731–1744. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-018-0651-x
Sarfika, R., Malini, H., Wenny, B. P., Kustanti, C. Y., Saifudin, I. M. Moh. Y., Putri, D. E., Wijaya, N. E., & Efendi, F. (2025). Suicidal Ideation Among Indonesian Adolescents: A Qualitative Synthesis of the Psychosocial, Cultural and Spiritual Dynamics. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 34(4), e70092. https://doi.org/10.1111/inm.70092
Sarfika, R., Saifudin, I. M. Moh. Y., Wicaksana, A. L., Malini, H., Wenny, B. P., Rahayuningsih, A., Wijaya, N. E., Putri, D. E., & Abdullah, K. L. (2025). Predictors and Protective Factors of Mental Health Outcomes Among Indonesian Adolescents: An SCT-Based Multi-Center Study. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 00207640251372672. https://doi.org/10.1177/00207640251372672
Snyder, C. R., Rand, K. L., & Sigmon, D. R. (2018). Hope Theory: A Member of the Positive Psychology Family. In M. W. Gallagher & S. J. Lopez (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Hope (p. 0). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199399314.013.3
Steinberg, L. (2017). Adolescence. McGraw Hill. Google Scholar
Suhertina, S. (2025). Islamic-Based Counseling Approaches for Student Mental Well-Being: A Systematic Literature Review. Madania: Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Keislaman, 15(2), 94–103. https://doi.org/10.24014/jiik.v15i2.37785
Suyadi, S., Nuryana, Z., & Purwadi, P. (2025). Muhammadiyah’s COVID-19: Combining Islamic, Psychological, and Medical Approach in Indonesia. Journal of Religion and Health, 64(6), 4992–5019. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-024-02194-2
Thapar, A., Collishaw, S., Pine, D. S., & Thapar, A. K. (2012). Depression in adolescence. The Lancet, 379(9820), 1056–1067. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60871-4
Turkle, S. (2011). Alone Together: Why We Expect More from Technology and Less from Each Other. Basic Books. Google Scholar
Twenge, J. M. (2017). iGen: Why Today’s Super-Connected Kids Are Growing Up Less Rebellious, More Tolerant, Less Happy--and Completely Unprepared for Adulthood--and What That Means for the Rest of Us. Simon and Schuster. Google Scholar
Twenge, J. M., Cooper, A. B., Joiner, T. E., Duffy, M. E., & Binau, S. G. (2019). Age, period, and cohort trends in mood disorder indicators and suicide-related outcomes in a nationally representative dataset, 2005–2017. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 128(3), 185–199. https://doi.org/10.1037/abn0000410
van Harmelen, A.-L., Gibson, J. L., St Clair, M. C., Owens, M., Brodbeck, J., Dunn, V., Lewis, G., Croudace, T., Jones, P. B., Kievit, R. A., & Goodyer, I. M. (2016). Friendships and Family Support Reduce Subsequent Depressive Symptoms in At-Risk Adolescents. PloS One, 11(5), e0153715. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0153715
Wahyudi, W., Mahesa, A. P., Putri, A. L., Dalimunthe, A. N. A., Widitya, D., & Afifah, S. (2025). Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Kesehatan Remaja di Indonesia: Studi Literatur. JUKEJ : Jurnal Kesehatan Jompa, 4(1), 503–509. https://doi.org/10.57218/jkj.Vol4.Iss1.1587
WHO. (2024). Adolescent and young adult health. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/adolescents-health-risks-and-solutions
Yandri, H., Juliawati, D., Valdez, A. V., Yuzarion, Y., Rasmita, R., Daflaini, D., & Fidya, Y. (2025). An Islamic Spiritual Response to the Psychological Effects of Loneliness, Academic Stress, and Bullying on Students in Islamic Boarding Schools (Pesantren). Psikis : Jurnal Psikologi Islami, 11(1), 137–149. https://doi.org/10.19109/psikis.v11i1.27855
Yani, D. I., Chua, J. Y. X., Wong, J. C. M., Pikkarainen, M., Goh, Y. S. S., & Shorey, S. (2025). Perceptions of Mental Health Challenges and Needs of Indonesian Adolescents: A Descriptive Qualitative Study. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 34(1), e13505. https://doi.org/10.1111/inm.13505
Zimmer-Gembeck, M. J., & Skinner, E. A. (2016). The Development of Coping: Implications for Psychopathology and Resilience. In Developmental Psychopathology (pp. 1–61). John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119125556.devpsy410
Zuhara, E. (2025). The Concept of Emotions in Islamic Counseling: A Thematic Analysis of Fear, Anger, Sadness, and Shame According to the Qur’an and Hadith. International Journal of Counseling and Psychotherapy, 2(2), 74–85. https://doi.org/10.64420/ijcp.v2i2.311
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Rahman Rahman, Rosmita Rosmita, Zulamri Zulamri, Gamal Abdul Nasir Zakaria
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
