Critical Factors Behind the Abstainer in the Local Election
Article Sidebar
Published:
Dec 30, 2023
Keywords:
Critical Factor, Local Election, Abstainer, Ngada Regency
Main Article Content
Abstract
This study investigates the factors that led to the emergence of abstentions or Golongan Putih in the 2020 local election of the Ngada regency. This research was encouraged by the increased number of abstentions and percentage in regional head elections in Ngada Regency in 2020 compared to 2015. This study used a qualitative research approach with a phenomenology type of research. This study interviewed 22 informants selected purposively. This study found that the forms of abstention appearing in the 2020 Ngada local elections were technical, political, and pragmatic. Meanwhile, the factors causing abstentions in the 2020 Ngada local elections are divided into two groups: internal factors, which include work factors and educational factors, and external factors, which include political factors and election benefit factors. The contribution of this research is that it has succeeded in identifying critical factors that are essential in forming an abstainer group in the context of local elections. However, this study is limited to the eastern part of Indonesia.
Article Details
How to Cite
Andayana, M. N. D., Pradana, I. P. Y. B., Sayrani, L. P., & Tele, M. (2023). Critical Factors Behind the Abstainer in the Local Election. Jurnal Studi Sosial Dan Politik, 7(2), 270-284. https://doi.org/10.19109/jssp.v7i2.19381
Section
Articles
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.
How to Cite
Andayana, M. N. D., Pradana, I. P. Y. B., Sayrani, L. P., & Tele, M. (2023). Critical Factors Behind the Abstainer in the Local Election. Jurnal Studi Sosial Dan Politik, 7(2), 270-284. https://doi.org/10.19109/jssp.v7i2.19381
References
Agustana, P. (2019). Mengurai Benang Kusut Golongan Putih. Locus Majalah Ilmiah FISIP, 11(1).
Ahuja, A., & Chhibber, P. (2012). Why the Poor Vote in India: “If I Don’t Vote, I Am Dead to the State.” Studies in Comparative International Development, 47(4). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12116-012-9115-6
Ardiyanti, D., & Zulian, I. (2018). Korelasi Identifikasi Apatisme Politik Dengan Kebijakan Publik Kota Medan. Jurnal PIR : Power in International Relations, 3(1), 29. https://doi.org/10.22303/pir.3.1.2018.29-53
Asdhie Kodiyat, B. M., & Hakim Siagian, A. (2020). The Effect of Centralistic Political Party Policies in Selection Of Regional Heads in Medan City. Indonesian Journal of Education, Social Sciences and Research (IJSSR), 1(1).
Astuti, L. (2020). Analisis Bentuk Golongan Putih Dalam Pemilihan Umum Di Kelurahan Betungan Kota Bengkulu. … : Jurnal Komunikasi Dan Administrasi Publik, 7(2).
Belcastro, L., Branda, F., Cantini, R., Marozzo, F., Talia, D., & Trunfio, P. (2022). Analyzing voter behavior on social media during the 2020 US presidential election campaign. Social Network Analysis and Mining, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13278-022-00913-9
Bosco, A., & Verney, S. (2012). Electoral Epidemic: The Political Cost of Economic Crisis in Southern Europe, 2010-11. South European Society and Politics, 17(2). https://doi.org/10.1080/13608746.2012.747272
Braun, D., Gross, M., & Rittberger, B. (2020). Political behavior in the EU multi-level system. In Politics and Governance (Vol. 8, Issue 1). https://doi.org/10.17645/pag.v8i1.2706
Buchari, S. A. (2014). Kebangkitan Etnis Menuju Politik Identitas. In Yayasan Pustaka Obor Indonesia (Vol. 1).
Bukari, Z., Hamid, A. B. A., Md. Som, H., Hossain, H. U., Bashiru, S., Agyepong, L., Kafui Tsagli, S., & Al Halbusi, H. (2023). Determinants of voters behaviour and voting intention: The mediating role of social media. Cogent Business and Management, 10(2). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2022.2140492
Çoban, S., & Öztürk, R. (2020). Political Marketing, Word of Mouth Communication and Voter Behaviours Interaction. Business and Economics Research Journal, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.20409/berj.2019.166
Creswell, J. W., & Poth, C. N. (2018). Qualitative inquiry & research design; Choosing among five approach. In SAGE Publications, Inc. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004
Dassonneville, R., Feitosa, F., Hooghe, M., & Oser, J. (2021). Policy responsiveness to all citizens or only to voters? A longitudinal analysis of policy responsiveness in OECD countries. European Journal of Political Research, 60(3). https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6765.12417
Engelman, M., Joo, W. T., Fletcher, J., & Burden, B. (2022). Health, Wealth, and Voting Trajectories in Later Life. Journals of Gerontology - Series B Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 77(4). https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbab191
Fernandes, A. (2019). Politik Identitas dalam Pemilu 2019 : Proyeksi dan Efektivitas. Centre For Strategic And International Studies, 1.
Firdaus, S. (2013). Paradigma Rational Choice Dalam Menelaah Fenomena Golput Dan Perilaku Pemilih Di Indonesia. Jurnal Ilmu Politik Dan Pemerintahan, 1(2).
Fusch, P. I., & Ness, L. R. (2015). Are We There Yet? Data Saturation in Qualitative Research. In The Qualitative Report (Vol. 20, Issue 9). http://www.nova.edu/ssss/QR/QR20/9/fusch1.pdf
Gatra News. (2020). Golput ‘Menang’ di Pilkada Kabupaten Ngada 2020. Gatra.Com. https://www.gatra.com/news-498715-politik-golput-menang-di-pilkada-kabupaten-ngada-2020.html
Gazali, E. (2014). Learning by clicking: An experiment with social media democracy in Indonesia. International Communication Gazette, 76(4–5). https://doi.org/10.1177/1748048514524119
Hall, A. B., & Yoder, J. (2022). Does Homeownership Influence Political Behavior? Evidence from Administrative Data. Journal of Politics, 84(1). https://doi.org/10.1086/714932
Juelich, C. L., & Coll, J. A. (2021). Ranked choice voting and youth voter turnout: The roles of campaign civility and candidate contact. Politics and Governance, 9(2). https://doi.org/10.17645/pag.v9i2.3914
Junaidi, M. (2018). Evaluasi Pemilukada Dalam Perspektif Angka Golput Di Kecamatan Gambiran Tahun 2015. Jurnal Public Policy, 2(1). https://doi.org/10.35308/jpp.v2i1.668
Khadijah, N., Falahudin, I., Yenrizal, Y., Rodiah, S., & Ichsan, C. (2022). Implementation Of Washing Program In Sustainable Water Management At Uin Raden Fatah Palembang. Journal of Sustainability Perspectives, 2, 271-276.
Koch, C. M., Meléndez, C., & Rovira Kaltwasser, C. (2021). Mainstream Voters, Non-Voters and Populist Voters: What Sets Them Apart? Political Studies. https://doi.org/10.1177/00323217211049298
KPU Ngada. (2021). Kpu Ngada, Gelar Pleno Penetapan Bupati Dan Wakil Bupati Ngada Terpilih. Komisi Pemilihan Umum Kabupaten Ngada. https://jdih.kpu.go.id/ntt/ngada/beritadetail-524d5457703039524a544e454a544e45
Kukec, M. (2023). Localisation of politics and local electoral participation. Local Government Studies, 49(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/03003930.2022.2033228
Larcinese, V., & Miner, L. (2021). Was Obama Elected by the Internet? Broadband Diffusion and Voters’ Behavior in US Presidential Elections. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3156861
Mastropaolo, A. (2008). Politics against Democracy: Party Withdrawal and Populist Breakthrough. In Twenty-First Century Populism. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230592100_3
McElwain, K. M. (2020). When candidates are more polarised than voters: constitutional revision in Japan. European Political Science, 19(4). https://doi.org/10.1057/s41304-020-00270-1
Miles, M. B., Huberman, M., & Saldana, J. (2014). Qualitative Data analysis - A Method source book. In SAGE.
Miller, R. M., Chan, C. D., & Farmer, L. B. (2018). Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis: A Contemporary Qualitative Approach. Counselor Education and Supervision, 57(4). https://doi.org/10.1002/ceas.12114
Mislawaty, S. E., Harahap, R., & Anisyah, S. (2022). Digitalizing Governance in South Sumatera: An Introduction “E-Sumsel” System Reforming Public Service Management. Jurnal Bina Praja: Journal of Home Affairs Governance, 14(3), 399-411.
Nurhayani, R. (2014). Studi Komperatif Ketimpangan Wilayah Antara Kawasan Barat Indonesia dan Kawasan Timur Indonesia. Jurnal Manajemen Terapan Dan Keuangan, 3(1), 456–463. https://doi.org/doi.org/10.22437/jmk.v3i1.1861
Powell, G. B. (2000). Elections as Instruments of Democracy. Elections as Instruments of Democracy: Majoritarian and Proportional Visions.
Pratisti, S. A., Hidayat, T., & Sari, D. S. (2019). Festive and viral: Outlining the islamist and the leftist in Indonesia’s 2019 election. Central European Journal of International and Security Studies, 13(4).
Ramadhan, L. A., Izomiddin, I., & Zalpa, Y. (2022). Political Will Pemerintahan Kabupaten Banyuasin dalam Meningkatkan Industri Pangan di Kecamatan Tungkal Ilir. Jurnal Prodi Ilmu Politik, 1(1), 18-29.
Rich, T., & Treece, M. (2018). Losers’ and Non-voters’ Consent: Democratic Satisfaction in the 2009 and 2013 Elections in Germany. In Government and Opposition (Vol. 53, Issue 3, pp. 416–436). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/gov.2016.29
Rinjani, R. (2014). Studi Tentang Golongan Putih (Golput) Dalam Pilkada Gubernur Kaltim 2013 Di Kecamatan Muara Jawa Kabupaten Kutai Kartanegara. EJournal Ilmu Pemerintahan, 2(4).
Ritonga, M., & Harahap, R. (2023). Keterlibatan Selebriti Pasca Parliamentary Threshold dalam Kontestasi Politik Elektoral di Indonesia. Jurnal Pemerintahan Dan Politik, 8(3), 238–245. https://doi.org/10.36982/jpg.v8i3.3320
Sa’ban, L. . A., & Wijaya, A. A. maulana. (2018). Kurangnya Partisipasi Politik Masyarakat Dalam Pemilihan Kepala Daerah Di Kabupaten Wakatobi. MEDIALOG: Jurnal Kajian Komunikasi, I(II).
Soebagio, H. (2009). Implikasi Golongan Putih dalam Perspektif Pembangunan Demokrasi di Indonesia. Makara, Sosial Humaniora, 12(2).
Sofyan, E., & Fadahliza, E. (2021). Political Education, Community Political Participation and Relevance to Civic Education. Journal of National Awareness Civil Society, 6(5).
Stockemer, D., & Blais, A. (2019). Voters and Abstainers in National and European Elections. European Review, 27(02), 300–315. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1062798718000728
Subanda, N. (2009). Analisis Kritis Terhadap Fenomena Golput Dalam Pemilu. Jurnal Konstitusi, II(1).
Sugiyono. (2015). Metode Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pendekatan Kualitatif, Kuantitatif, dan R&D. In Alfabeta. Alfabeta.
Sullivan, G. B. (2021). Political reactionism as affective practice: ukip supporters and non‐voters in pre‐brexit england. Politics and Governance, 9(3), 260–273. https://doi.org/10.17645/pag.v9i3.4261
Suwardi, S., & Budiyanto, A. (2020). Abstentions Phenomenon (Golput) Direct Local Election. Jurnal Bina Praja, 12(2). https://doi.org/10.21787/jbp.12.2020.203-212
Syawaludin, M. (2023). Social Political Roots of Leadership Power In Ulu Malay Lampik Empat Merdike Duwe. Khazanah Sosial, 5(1), 90-103
Teele, D. L., Kalla, J., & Rosenbluth, F. (2018). The ties that double bind: Social roles and women’s underrepresentation in politics. American Political Science Review, 112(3). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055418000217
Tongco, M. D. C. (2007). Purposive sampling as a tool for informant selection. Ethnobotany Research and Applications, 5. https://doi.org/10.17348/era.5.0.147-158
Viana, R. C. E. (2022). Islamic Populism in Palembang in the 1950s. Muslim Politics Review, 1(2), 209-226.
Wang, C. H., Weng, D. L. C., & Cha, H. J. (2017). Personality Traits and Voter Turnout in South Korea: The Mediation Argument. Japanese Journal of Political Science, 18(3). https://doi.org/10.1017/S146810991700010X
Widianingsih, Y. (2017). Demokrasi Dan Pemilu Di Indonesia: Suatu Tinjauan Dari Aspek Sejarah Dan Sosiologi Politik. Journal Signal, 5(2).
Wisnaeni, F., & Herawati, R. (2020). The politics of law of pancasila-based democracy in Indonesia as the world’s third largest democracy. Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, 9(4). https://doi.org/10.36941/ajis-2020-0059
Yuliono, A. (2013). Kepercayaan Masyarakat Pada Partai Politik (Studi Kasus Kecenderungan Golongan Putih Pada Pemilihan Kepala Daerah di Wilayah Surabaya). Jurnal Administrasi Publik, 11(1).
Yusnita, E., & Anisyah, S. (2023). Balancing Interests in Responding Pandemic Covid-19 in Palembang: The Policy Networks Analysis. Jurnal Studi Sosial dan Politik, 7(1), 79-91.
Zankina, E. (2017). Populism, voters and cleavages in Bulgarian politics. In Politologicky Casopis (Vol. 24, Issue 1). https://doi.org/10.5817/PC2017-1-56
Ahuja, A., & Chhibber, P. (2012). Why the Poor Vote in India: “If I Don’t Vote, I Am Dead to the State.” Studies in Comparative International Development, 47(4). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12116-012-9115-6
Ardiyanti, D., & Zulian, I. (2018). Korelasi Identifikasi Apatisme Politik Dengan Kebijakan Publik Kota Medan. Jurnal PIR : Power in International Relations, 3(1), 29. https://doi.org/10.22303/pir.3.1.2018.29-53
Asdhie Kodiyat, B. M., & Hakim Siagian, A. (2020). The Effect of Centralistic Political Party Policies in Selection Of Regional Heads in Medan City. Indonesian Journal of Education, Social Sciences and Research (IJSSR), 1(1).
Astuti, L. (2020). Analisis Bentuk Golongan Putih Dalam Pemilihan Umum Di Kelurahan Betungan Kota Bengkulu. … : Jurnal Komunikasi Dan Administrasi Publik, 7(2).
Belcastro, L., Branda, F., Cantini, R., Marozzo, F., Talia, D., & Trunfio, P. (2022). Analyzing voter behavior on social media during the 2020 US presidential election campaign. Social Network Analysis and Mining, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13278-022-00913-9
Bosco, A., & Verney, S. (2012). Electoral Epidemic: The Political Cost of Economic Crisis in Southern Europe, 2010-11. South European Society and Politics, 17(2). https://doi.org/10.1080/13608746.2012.747272
Braun, D., Gross, M., & Rittberger, B. (2020). Political behavior in the EU multi-level system. In Politics and Governance (Vol. 8, Issue 1). https://doi.org/10.17645/pag.v8i1.2706
Buchari, S. A. (2014). Kebangkitan Etnis Menuju Politik Identitas. In Yayasan Pustaka Obor Indonesia (Vol. 1).
Bukari, Z., Hamid, A. B. A., Md. Som, H., Hossain, H. U., Bashiru, S., Agyepong, L., Kafui Tsagli, S., & Al Halbusi, H. (2023). Determinants of voters behaviour and voting intention: The mediating role of social media. Cogent Business and Management, 10(2). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2022.2140492
Çoban, S., & Öztürk, R. (2020). Political Marketing, Word of Mouth Communication and Voter Behaviours Interaction. Business and Economics Research Journal, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.20409/berj.2019.166
Creswell, J. W., & Poth, C. N. (2018). Qualitative inquiry & research design; Choosing among five approach. In SAGE Publications, Inc. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004
Dassonneville, R., Feitosa, F., Hooghe, M., & Oser, J. (2021). Policy responsiveness to all citizens or only to voters? A longitudinal analysis of policy responsiveness in OECD countries. European Journal of Political Research, 60(3). https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6765.12417
Engelman, M., Joo, W. T., Fletcher, J., & Burden, B. (2022). Health, Wealth, and Voting Trajectories in Later Life. Journals of Gerontology - Series B Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 77(4). https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbab191
Fernandes, A. (2019). Politik Identitas dalam Pemilu 2019 : Proyeksi dan Efektivitas. Centre For Strategic And International Studies, 1.
Firdaus, S. (2013). Paradigma Rational Choice Dalam Menelaah Fenomena Golput Dan Perilaku Pemilih Di Indonesia. Jurnal Ilmu Politik Dan Pemerintahan, 1(2).
Fusch, P. I., & Ness, L. R. (2015). Are We There Yet? Data Saturation in Qualitative Research. In The Qualitative Report (Vol. 20, Issue 9). http://www.nova.edu/ssss/QR/QR20/9/fusch1.pdf
Gatra News. (2020). Golput ‘Menang’ di Pilkada Kabupaten Ngada 2020. Gatra.Com. https://www.gatra.com/news-498715-politik-golput-menang-di-pilkada-kabupaten-ngada-2020.html
Gazali, E. (2014). Learning by clicking: An experiment with social media democracy in Indonesia. International Communication Gazette, 76(4–5). https://doi.org/10.1177/1748048514524119
Hall, A. B., & Yoder, J. (2022). Does Homeownership Influence Political Behavior? Evidence from Administrative Data. Journal of Politics, 84(1). https://doi.org/10.1086/714932
Juelich, C. L., & Coll, J. A. (2021). Ranked choice voting and youth voter turnout: The roles of campaign civility and candidate contact. Politics and Governance, 9(2). https://doi.org/10.17645/pag.v9i2.3914
Junaidi, M. (2018). Evaluasi Pemilukada Dalam Perspektif Angka Golput Di Kecamatan Gambiran Tahun 2015. Jurnal Public Policy, 2(1). https://doi.org/10.35308/jpp.v2i1.668
Khadijah, N., Falahudin, I., Yenrizal, Y., Rodiah, S., & Ichsan, C. (2022). Implementation Of Washing Program In Sustainable Water Management At Uin Raden Fatah Palembang. Journal of Sustainability Perspectives, 2, 271-276.
Koch, C. M., Meléndez, C., & Rovira Kaltwasser, C. (2021). Mainstream Voters, Non-Voters and Populist Voters: What Sets Them Apart? Political Studies. https://doi.org/10.1177/00323217211049298
KPU Ngada. (2021). Kpu Ngada, Gelar Pleno Penetapan Bupati Dan Wakil Bupati Ngada Terpilih. Komisi Pemilihan Umum Kabupaten Ngada. https://jdih.kpu.go.id/ntt/ngada/beritadetail-524d5457703039524a544e454a544e45
Kukec, M. (2023). Localisation of politics and local electoral participation. Local Government Studies, 49(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/03003930.2022.2033228
Larcinese, V., & Miner, L. (2021). Was Obama Elected by the Internet? Broadband Diffusion and Voters’ Behavior in US Presidential Elections. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3156861
Mastropaolo, A. (2008). Politics against Democracy: Party Withdrawal and Populist Breakthrough. In Twenty-First Century Populism. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230592100_3
McElwain, K. M. (2020). When candidates are more polarised than voters: constitutional revision in Japan. European Political Science, 19(4). https://doi.org/10.1057/s41304-020-00270-1
Miles, M. B., Huberman, M., & Saldana, J. (2014). Qualitative Data analysis - A Method source book. In SAGE.
Miller, R. M., Chan, C. D., & Farmer, L. B. (2018). Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis: A Contemporary Qualitative Approach. Counselor Education and Supervision, 57(4). https://doi.org/10.1002/ceas.12114
Mislawaty, S. E., Harahap, R., & Anisyah, S. (2022). Digitalizing Governance in South Sumatera: An Introduction “E-Sumsel” System Reforming Public Service Management. Jurnal Bina Praja: Journal of Home Affairs Governance, 14(3), 399-411.
Nurhayani, R. (2014). Studi Komperatif Ketimpangan Wilayah Antara Kawasan Barat Indonesia dan Kawasan Timur Indonesia. Jurnal Manajemen Terapan Dan Keuangan, 3(1), 456–463. https://doi.org/doi.org/10.22437/jmk.v3i1.1861
Powell, G. B. (2000). Elections as Instruments of Democracy. Elections as Instruments of Democracy: Majoritarian and Proportional Visions.
Pratisti, S. A., Hidayat, T., & Sari, D. S. (2019). Festive and viral: Outlining the islamist and the leftist in Indonesia’s 2019 election. Central European Journal of International and Security Studies, 13(4).
Ramadhan, L. A., Izomiddin, I., & Zalpa, Y. (2022). Political Will Pemerintahan Kabupaten Banyuasin dalam Meningkatkan Industri Pangan di Kecamatan Tungkal Ilir. Jurnal Prodi Ilmu Politik, 1(1), 18-29.
Rich, T., & Treece, M. (2018). Losers’ and Non-voters’ Consent: Democratic Satisfaction in the 2009 and 2013 Elections in Germany. In Government and Opposition (Vol. 53, Issue 3, pp. 416–436). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/gov.2016.29
Rinjani, R. (2014). Studi Tentang Golongan Putih (Golput) Dalam Pilkada Gubernur Kaltim 2013 Di Kecamatan Muara Jawa Kabupaten Kutai Kartanegara. EJournal Ilmu Pemerintahan, 2(4).
Ritonga, M., & Harahap, R. (2023). Keterlibatan Selebriti Pasca Parliamentary Threshold dalam Kontestasi Politik Elektoral di Indonesia. Jurnal Pemerintahan Dan Politik, 8(3), 238–245. https://doi.org/10.36982/jpg.v8i3.3320
Sa’ban, L. . A., & Wijaya, A. A. maulana. (2018). Kurangnya Partisipasi Politik Masyarakat Dalam Pemilihan Kepala Daerah Di Kabupaten Wakatobi. MEDIALOG: Jurnal Kajian Komunikasi, I(II).
Soebagio, H. (2009). Implikasi Golongan Putih dalam Perspektif Pembangunan Demokrasi di Indonesia. Makara, Sosial Humaniora, 12(2).
Sofyan, E., & Fadahliza, E. (2021). Political Education, Community Political Participation and Relevance to Civic Education. Journal of National Awareness Civil Society, 6(5).
Stockemer, D., & Blais, A. (2019). Voters and Abstainers in National and European Elections. European Review, 27(02), 300–315. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1062798718000728
Subanda, N. (2009). Analisis Kritis Terhadap Fenomena Golput Dalam Pemilu. Jurnal Konstitusi, II(1).
Sugiyono. (2015). Metode Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pendekatan Kualitatif, Kuantitatif, dan R&D. In Alfabeta. Alfabeta.
Sullivan, G. B. (2021). Political reactionism as affective practice: ukip supporters and non‐voters in pre‐brexit england. Politics and Governance, 9(3), 260–273. https://doi.org/10.17645/pag.v9i3.4261
Suwardi, S., & Budiyanto, A. (2020). Abstentions Phenomenon (Golput) Direct Local Election. Jurnal Bina Praja, 12(2). https://doi.org/10.21787/jbp.12.2020.203-212
Syawaludin, M. (2023). Social Political Roots of Leadership Power In Ulu Malay Lampik Empat Merdike Duwe. Khazanah Sosial, 5(1), 90-103
Teele, D. L., Kalla, J., & Rosenbluth, F. (2018). The ties that double bind: Social roles and women’s underrepresentation in politics. American Political Science Review, 112(3). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055418000217
Tongco, M. D. C. (2007). Purposive sampling as a tool for informant selection. Ethnobotany Research and Applications, 5. https://doi.org/10.17348/era.5.0.147-158
Viana, R. C. E. (2022). Islamic Populism in Palembang in the 1950s. Muslim Politics Review, 1(2), 209-226.
Wang, C. H., Weng, D. L. C., & Cha, H. J. (2017). Personality Traits and Voter Turnout in South Korea: The Mediation Argument. Japanese Journal of Political Science, 18(3). https://doi.org/10.1017/S146810991700010X
Widianingsih, Y. (2017). Demokrasi Dan Pemilu Di Indonesia: Suatu Tinjauan Dari Aspek Sejarah Dan Sosiologi Politik. Journal Signal, 5(2).
Wisnaeni, F., & Herawati, R. (2020). The politics of law of pancasila-based democracy in Indonesia as the world’s third largest democracy. Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, 9(4). https://doi.org/10.36941/ajis-2020-0059
Yuliono, A. (2013). Kepercayaan Masyarakat Pada Partai Politik (Studi Kasus Kecenderungan Golongan Putih Pada Pemilihan Kepala Daerah di Wilayah Surabaya). Jurnal Administrasi Publik, 11(1).
Yusnita, E., & Anisyah, S. (2023). Balancing Interests in Responding Pandemic Covid-19 in Palembang: The Policy Networks Analysis. Jurnal Studi Sosial dan Politik, 7(1), 79-91.
Zankina, E. (2017). Populism, voters and cleavages in Bulgarian politics. In Politologicky Casopis (Vol. 24, Issue 1). https://doi.org/10.5817/PC2017-1-56