Chitosan–Lactic Acid Mouthwash Enriched with Eucalyptus Grandis Oil: Formulation and Antimicrobial Properties
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.19109/0gy6d083Keywords:
Mouthwash, Chitosan, Eucalyptus grandisAbstract
Oral health needed improvement through additional mechanical methods, particularly the use of mouthwash formulated with natural ingredients such as chitosan and Eucalyptus grandis. This study aimed to evaluate the physical stability and antimicrobial activity of mouthwash formulations and to identify the most optimal formula among the combinations. Chitosan was characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), while Eucalyptus grandis was analyzed using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). All mouthwash formulations met standard requirements in terms of organoleptic properties, pH levels, and viscosity, indicating good physical stability. The antimicrobial activity was tested against Streptococcus mutans, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans. The results demonstrated that all formulas exhibited moderate to strong antimicrobial activity. Among the five tested formulas, formula V was found to be the most effective. It showed an average inhibition zone diameter of 11.5 ± 1.94 mm for Streptococcus mutans, 13 ± 1.9 mm for Staphylococcus aureus, and 13.7 ± 0.72 mm for Candida albicans. These findings indicated that formula V had the best combination of physical stability and antimicrobial performance, making it the most optimal formulation.
References
T. Maulanti, “Oral Health Problem in Indonesia: An Ecological Analysis,” Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, no. August, 2021, doi: 10.37506/ijfmt.v15i3.16307.
Kementerian Kesehatan RI, “InfoDATIN Kesehatan Gigi Nasional September 2019,” Pusdatin Kemenkes RI, pp. 1–6, 2019.
N. K. Sholekhah, “Efektivitas Berkumur Larutan Garam terhadap Jumlah Koloni Streptococcus mutans dalam Saliva,” Jurnal Kesehatan Gigi, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 16–21, 2021, doi: 10.31983/jkg.v8i1.6749.
M. Dubar, A. C. Decock, J. Petit, E. Delcourt-Debruyne, A. Blaizot, and K. Agossa, “How effective are essential oils and essential oil constituents in the management of intra-oral halitosis: A systematic review,” Jun. 01, 2023, Elsevier GmbH. doi: 10.1016/j.hermed.2023.100663.
T. R. Spuldaro, M. Rogério dos Santos Júnior, G. Vicentis de Oliveira Fernandes, and C. K. Rösing, “Efficacy of Essential Oil Mouthwashes With and Without Alcohol on the Plaque Formation: A Randomized, Crossover, Double-Blinded, Clinical Trial,” Mar. 01, 2021, Mosby Inc. doi: 10.1016/j.jebdp.2021.101527.
S. A. Shorofi, S. Golchin-Mehr, S. N. Mousavinasab, P. Arbon, M. Saeedi, and M. A. Ebrahimzadeh, “Effects of Zataria multiflora mouthwash and chlorhexidine compared to chlorhexidine alone on the incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia in patients admitted to intensive care units,” Complement Ther Clin Pract, vol. 60, Aug. 2025, doi: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2025.101966.
B. Duane et al., “Mouthwashes: Alternatives and Future Directions,” Int Dent J, vol. 73, pp. S89–S97, 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.
J. Nafea, M. Edbeib, K. I. Notarte, F. Huyop, and H. Yaakub, “Stability and antibacterial property of polyherbal mouthwash formulated using local ingredients,” Biosaintifika: Journal of Biology & Biology Education, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 288–296, 2020.
H. Agusnar, B. Wirjosentono, S. Salim, T. Rihayat, and T. Fauzi, “Synthesis and Characterization of Chitosan with Addition of Patchouli Oil to Improve Mechanical Properties Biofilm,” J Phys Conf Ser, vol. 1116, no. 4, 2018, doi: 10.1088/1742-6596/1116/4/042001.
A. Indu S. R., S. S. Sargod, S. S. Bhat, S. Manikkoth, and N. Ramakrishnan, “Effectiveness of chitosan mouthwash on plaque formation and levels of salivary Streptococcus and Lactobacillus count: an in vivo study,” Int J Basic Clin Pharmacol, vol. 8, no. 11, p. 2416, 2019, doi: 10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20194777.
L. Zhou et al., “Chemical composition, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and phytotoxic potential of Eucalyptus grandis × E. urophylla leaves essential oils,” Molecules, vol. 26, no. 5, 2021, doi: 10.3390/molecules26051450.
L. Koursaoui et al., “Phytochemical analysis, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of three Eucalyptus species essential oils from the Moroccan Maâmora Forest: Eucalyptus cladocaly x F.Muell, Eucalyptus grandis W.Hill ex Maiden and Eucalyptus botryoides Sm.,” Chemical Data Collections, vol. 48, Dec. 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.cdc.2023.101101.
A. Hidayanto, A. S. Manikam, W. S. Pertiwi, and K. Harismah, “Formulasi Obat Kumur Ekstrak Daun Kemangi (Ocimum Basilicum L.) dengan Pemanis Alami Stevia (Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni),” pp. 189–194, 2017.
F. Handayani, R. Sundu, and R. M. Sari, “Formulasi dan Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Streptococcus mutans dari Sediaan Mouthwash Ekstrak Daun Jambu Biji (Psidium guajava L.),” vol. 1, no. 8, pp. 422–433, 2017.
A. S. Permatasari, D. Susilowati, and S. Endrawati, “Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Sediaan Obat Kumur Infusa Daun Salam (Syzygium polyanthum W.) terhadap Streptococcus mutans Antibacterial Activity Test of Medicines Invention of Salam Leaf Infusion (Syzygium polyanthum W.) against Streptococcus mutans,” vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 103–109, 2022.
O. Pramiastuti and N. Agusetianti, “Formulasi Obat Kumur Ekstrak Daun Belimbing Wuluh (Averrhoa bilimbi L.) dengan Metode Maserasi,” Jurnal Farmasi & Sains Indonesia, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 21–31, 2019.
Davis dan Stout, “Disc Plate Method of Microbiological Antibiotic Assay,” vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 659–665, 1971.
F. Handayani, H. Warnida, and S. J. Nur, “Formulasi dan Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Streptococcus mutans dari Sediaan Mouthwash Ekstrak Daun Salam (Syzygium polyanthum (Wight) Walp.),” J Chem Inf Model, vol. 9, no. April, pp. 74–84, 2016.
R. A. Abdulsalam, O. A. Ijabadeniyi, and S. Sabiu, “Fatty acid-modified chitosan and nanoencapsulation of essential oils: A snapshot of applications,” Aug. 01, 2024, Elsevier Ltd. doi: 10.1016/j.carres.2024.109196.
Z. Azizati, “Pembuatan Dan Karakterisasi Kitosan Kulit Udang Galah,” Walisongo Journal of Chemistry, vol. 2, no. 1, p. 10, 2019, doi: 10.21580/wjc.v3i1.3878.
N. Anisa and L. R. K, “Formulation and Antibacterial Activity of Mouthwash Preparations from 96% Ethanol Extract of Ciplukan Leaves (Physalis angulata L.) toward the bacteria of Streptococcus mutans,” vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 70–82, 2020.
L. Nurdianti, D. Cahyalaelani, and F. Setiawan, “Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Sediaan Obat Kumur Ekstrak Etanol Daun Mangga Harumanis (Mangifera indica, L.) terhadap Streptococcus mutans Penyebab Karies Gigi,” Journal of Pharmacopolium, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 15–23, 2020.
Lidia, “Pengembangan Formulasi Sediaan Obat Kumur Ekstrak Daun Jambu Biji (Psidium guajava L.) dengan Variasi Konsentrasi Natrium Lauril Sulfat dan Sorbitol,” no. 1, pp. 19–26, 2020.
B. Guandalini Cunha et al., “Cytotoxicity and antimicrobial effects of citronella oil (Cymbopogon nardus) and commercial mouthwashes on S. aureus and C. albicans biofilms in prosthetic materials,” Arch Oral Biol, vol. 109, Jan. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2019.104577.
K. Wongsariya, J. Lapirattanakul, S. Chewchinda, and P. Kanchanadumkerng, “Anti-oral streptococci and anti-biofilm properties of Etlingera pavieana essential oil and its bioactive compounds proposed for an alternative herbal mouthwash,” Heliyon, vol. 10, no. 10, May 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31136.
R. H. Payangan G.E, Fatimawali, “Uji Aktivitas Antimikroba Jamur Laut yang Berasosiasi dengan Spons Phyllospongia lamellose,” Jurnal Ilmiah Farmasi-UNSRAT, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 266–275, 2018.
A. E. A. Jawetz E, Melnick J.L, Medical Microbiology 22nd Edition. Amerika Serikat: McGraw-Hill Medical, 2001.
J. Y. J. Shahidi F, Arachchi J.K.V, “Food Applications of Chitin and Chitosan,” Trends in Food Sci and Technol, vol. 10, pp. 37–51, 1999.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Adelia Yesya Putri Hasibuan, Pina Budiarti Pratiwi, Ayu Syufiatun Br Tarigan, Dikki Miswanda, Devi Lestari
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
- The author saves the copyright and gives the journal simultaneously with the license under Creative Commons Attribution License which permits other people to share the work by stating that it is firstly published in this journal.
- The author can post their work in an institutional repository or publish it in a book by by stating that it is firstly published in this journal.
- The author is allowed to post their work online (for instance, in an institutional repository or their own website) before and during the process of delivery. (see Open Access Effect).
2.png){kind=small}
.png){kind=logo}
