Bias and Hallucination of Artificial Intelligence in Hadith Studies: An Analysis of Epistemological Distortion in ChatGPT and Gemini
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This article examines the phenomenon of bias in Artificial Intelligence (AI) through a real-world case study of user interactions with ChatGPT and Gemini within the context of Hadith studies. Employing an exploratory case study method via prompt engineering techniques and comparative data analysis, this research identifies representative bias and hallucinations. Each form of bias carries serious implications: the epistemological distortion of meaning and the displacement of scholarly authority by the pseudo-authority of AI. This study emphasizes the necessity of mitigation strategies, including utilizing AI solely as a "sparring partner," verifying AI-generated outputs against authoritative sources—such as religious scholars (ulama) and primary Hadith texts—and enhancing religious literacy. The findings assert that AI is not a neutral entity; therefore, its application in Hadith studies must be critical, purposeful, and grounded in authentic sources to remain within normative boundaries.
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