Tipologi Pemikiran Pembaharuan Hukum Islam (Syari’ah) Abdullahi Ahmad Al-Na’im
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Abstract
Al-Na’im memiliki pemaham sendiri tentang hukum Islam yang berbeda dengan konsep-konsep dalam ilmu-ilmu hukum Islam. Ia menyebut seluruh hukum Islam dengan sebutan “Syari’ah’, tentu ini bertentangan dengan konsep baku dalam ilmu ushul fiqh atau ilmu fiqh atau ilmu hukum Islam lainnya. Al-Na’im juga menentang sakralisasi Syari’ah karena menurutnya Syari’ah juga hasil penafsiran manusia, sebaliknya dalam ilmu Syari’ah; Syari’ah itu qath’i. Bagi al-Na’im Syari’ah bukan hanya hukum Islam karena istilah yang terakhir ini, merupakan terjemahan tak memadai untuk istilah syari’ah, sementara dalam ilmu hukum Islam; Syari’ah itu tidak persis sama dengan fiqh atau hasil penafsiran akal manusia lainnya. Dengan pemahaman-pemahaman seperti yang telah dikemukakan di atas, banyak pihak menilai bahwa al-Na’im telah melakukan dekonstruksi terhadap hukum Islam. Al-Na’im melakukan rekonstruksi terhadap hukum lama dengan teori/konsep naskh terbalik dimaksud, al-Na’im tidak mempunyai suatu teori baru untuk dapat digunakan mendekonstrusi hukum Islam/Syari’ah. Disinilah perbedaan al-Na’im dengan pemikir-pemikir pembaharu hukum Islam lainnya, seperti Arkoun, al-Jabiri, fazlurrahman, Syahrir dan lain-lain sehingga para pembaharu ini mampu melakukan reformasi dekonstruktif terhadap hukum Islam ( Syari’ah historis), sementara al-Na’im hanya mampu melakukan reformasi rekonstruktif.
Al-Na'im had own understanding on Islamic law which was different from concepts in Islamic law sciences. He called the whole of Islamic law known as 'Shariah', this certainly was contrary to the basic concepts in usul fiqh or the science of fiqh or Islamic jurisprudence. Al-Na'im also opposed sanctification of Shariah because according to him Shariah was also the result of human interpretation, contrary to shari'a sciences; Shari'ah was qath’i. For al-Na'im Shariah was not only Islamic law because the latter term was an inadequate translation for the term of Shari'ah. While in the science of Islamic law; Shari'ah was not exactly the same as fiqh or the result of other human mind interpretation. By the understandings as noted above, many parties evaluated that al-Na'im had done deconstruction toward Islamic law. Al-Na'im did reconstruction of the old law with the theory / concept naskh reverse, al-Naim did not have a new theory to be used to deconstruct Islamic law / Shariah. This was the difference of al-Na'im from thinkers the reformer of Islamic law, such as Arkoun, al-Jabri, fazlurrahman, Syahrir and others so that the reformers were able to reform deconstructive toward Islamic law (Shariah historical), while al -Na'im was only able to perform reconstructive reform.
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