Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Procrastination (MBCT-P) to Reduce Muslim University Students’ Academic Procrastination: Mixed Methods Research

Main Article Content

Suhadianto Suhadianto
Fattah Hanurawan
Nur Eva
Hetti Rahmawati

Abstract

This study aimed to test the effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Procrastination (MBCT-P) in reducing academic procrastination, as well as explain how MBCT-P can reduce academic procrastination. The research participants were 43 Muslim university students with academic procrastination scores in the medium and high categories who were randomly divided into the experimental group (n=21) and control group (n=22). A mixed methods research approach with an embedded research design was used in this study. An experiment with a Randomized Pre-Test and Post-Test Control Group with a Follow-Up design was used, while qualitative data collection was carried out during the intervention. The research instruments were the Tuckman Procrastination Scale (CR=0.89) and the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (CR=0.92). The results showed that MBCT-P had a long-term effect in reducing academic procrastination in the experimental group. Experimental group participants were reported to be more focused, calm, and motivated and found it easier to accept academic tasks, leading to reduced procrastination. The modification of MBCT-for depression for academic procrastination with a shorter duration has never been previously explored. Hence, this research provides a new alternative intervention that effectively reduces academic procrastination among university students.

Article Details

How to Cite
Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Procrastination (MBCT-P) to Reduce Muslim University Students’ Academic Procrastination: Mixed Methods Research. (2024). Psikis : Jurnal Psikologi Islami, 10(1), 101-119. https://doi.org/10.19109/psikis.v10i1.22623
Section
Articles

How to Cite

Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Procrastination (MBCT-P) to Reduce Muslim University Students’ Academic Procrastination: Mixed Methods Research. (2024). Psikis : Jurnal Psikologi Islami, 10(1), 101-119. https://doi.org/10.19109/psikis.v10i1.22623

References

Achmad, A. (2019). Tawakal dalam perspektif Islam. Jurnal Pendidikan Dan Pranata Islam, 10(2), 181–192.

Albatnuni, M., & Koszycki, D. (2020). Prayer and well-being in Muslim Canadians: exploring the mediating role of spirituality, mindfulness, optimism, and social support. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 23(10), 912–927. https://doi.org/10.1080/13674676.2020.1844175

Applebaum, M. (2023). A Phenomenology of mindfulness practice in Sufism. Routledge.

Armenta, C. N., Fritz, M. M., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2017). Functions of Positive Emotions: Gratitude as a Motivator of Self-Improvement and Positive Change. Emotion Review, 9(3), 183–190. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073916669596

Asri, D. N., Setyosari, P., Hitipeuw, I., & Chusniyah, T. (2017). The Influence of Project-based Learning Strategy and Self-regulated Learning on Academic Procrastination of Junior High School Students’ Mathematics Learning. American Journal of Educational Research, 5(1), 88–96. https://doi.org/10.12691/education-5-1-14

Azizah, I. (2022). Penafsiran Muhammad Quraish Shihab terhadap ayat-ayat tentang do’a, ikhtiar, dan tawakal dalam tafsir al-mishbah. Institut Agama Islam Negeri.

Aznar-Díaz, I., Romero-Rodríguez, J. M., García-González, A., & Ramírez-Montoya, M. S. (2020). Mexican and Spanish university students’ Internet addiction and academic procrastination: Correlation and potential factors. PloS one, 15(5), 1-18.

Baltruschat, S., Cándido, A., Maldonado, A., Verdejo-Lucas, C., Catena-Verdejo, E., & Catena, A. (2021). There Is More to Mindfulness Than Emotion Regulation: A Study on Brain Structural Networks. Frontiers in Psychology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.659403

Beutel, M. E., Klein, E. M., Aufenanger, S., Brähler, E., Dreier, M., Müller, K. W., Quiring, O., Reinecke, L., Schmutzer, G., Stark, B., & Wölfling, K. (2016). Procrastination, Distress and Life Satisfaction across the Age Range – A German Representative Community Study. PLOS ONE, 11(2), e0148054. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0148054

Blimling, G. S. (2003). The resident assistant: Applications and strategies for working with college students in residence halls. Kendall Hunt.

Blouin‐Hudon, E. C., & Pychyl, T. A. (2017). A Mental Imagery Intervention to Increase Future Self‐Continuity and Reduce Procrastination. Applied Psychology, 66(2), 326–352. https://doi.org/10.1111/apps.12088

Carswell, J., & Frewen, P. (2017). Experiences of Psychopathology Distract from Focused Attention During Mindfulness Meditation: Assessment in Relation to Meditation Breath Attention Scores in Mental Health Help-Seeking Participants. Mindfulness, 8(4), 943–948. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-016-0670-1

Chamsi-Pasha, M., & Chamsi-Pasha, H. (2021). A review of the literature on the health benefits of Salat (Islamic prayer). Med J Malaysia, 76(1), 93–97.

Cheung, R. Y. M., & Ng, M. C. Y. (2019). Being in the moment later? Testing the inverse relation between mindfulness and procrastination. Personality and Individual Differences, 141, 123–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2018.12.015

Chin, L. C., Rosli, F. F. B., Fook, C. Y., Vikneswaran, V., Awang, S. A. B., & Palaniappan, R. (2020). Effect of Mindfulness Meditation toward Improvement of Concentration based on Heart Rate Variability. 2020 International Conference on Innovation and Intelligence for Informatics, Computing and Technologies (3ICT), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1109/3ICT51146.2020.9311986

Cjuno, J., Palomino-Ccasa, J., Silva-Fernandez, R. G., Soncco-Aquino, M., Lumba-Bautista, O., & Hernández, R. M. (2023). Academic procrastination, depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation in university students: a look during the pandemic. Iranian journal of psychiatry, 18(1), 11.

Crane, R. S., Karunavira, & Griffith, G. M. (2021). Essential resources for mindfulness teache. Routledge.

Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research design, qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (Fourth Edition). SAGE Publication.

Damayanti, S. P., Anggraeni, D. S., Chisnulloh, M., & Zuhro’Fitriana, A. Q. (2023). Analisis Prokrastinasi Akademik Mahasiswa (Studi Pada Mahasiswa Program Studi Bimbingan Dan Konsling Islam Angkatan 2018 Di UIN Khas Jember). Jurnal Ilmu Sosial, Humaniora Dan Seni, 1(3), 466–472.

Eckert, M., Ebert, D. D., Lehr, D., Sieland, B., & Berking, M. (2016). Overcome procrastination: Enhancing emotion regulation skills reduce procrastination. Learning and Individual Differences, 52, 10–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2016.10.001

Fithriah, S., Khairani, D., Jahar, A., Subchi, I., Sujoko, I., & Jabali, F. (2021). The Concept of Tafakkur in The Qur’an in Responding to Covid-19. Proceedings of the 3rd International Colloquium on Interdisciplinary Islamic Studies, ICIIS 2020, 20-21 October 2020, Jakarta, Indonesia. https://doi.org/10.4108/eai.20-10-2020.2305142

Fitriya, F., & Lukmawati, L. (2016). Hubungan antara regulasi diri dengan perilaku prokrastinasi akademik pada mahasiswa sekolah tinggi ilmu kesehatan (STIKES) mitra adiguna palembang. Psikis: Jurnal Psikologi Islami, 2(1). https://doi.org/10.19109/psikis.v2i1.1058

Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating Structural Equation Models with Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39–50. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224378101800104

Fourianalistyawati, E. (2017). Kesejahteraan spiritual dan mindfulness pada majelis sahabat shalawat. Psikis: Jurnal Psikologi Islami, 3(2), 79-85. https://doi.org/10.19109/psikis.v3i2.1406

Fox, K. C. R., Dixon, M. L., Nijeboer, S., Girn, M., Floman, J. L., Lifshitz, M., Ellamil, M., Sedlmeier, P., & Christoff, K. (2016). Functional neuroanatomy of meditation: A review and meta-analysis of 78 functional neuroimaging investigations. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 65, 208–228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.03.021

Ghasemi Jobaneh, R., Mousavi, S. V., Zanipoor, A., & Hoseini Seddigh, M. A. (2016). The relationship between mindfulness and emotion regulation with academic Procrastination of Students. Education Strategies in Medical Sciences, 9(2), 131–141.

Glick, D. M., & Orsillo, S. M. (2015). An investigation of the efficacy of acceptance-based behavioral therapy for academic procrastination. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 144(2), 400–409. https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0000050

Goodman, R. J., Trapp, S. K., Park, E. S., & Davis, J. L. (2021). Opening minds by supporting needs: do autonomy and competence support facilitate mindfulness and academic performance? Social Psychology of Education, 24(1), 119–142. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11218-020-09577-9

Goulet, L. R., & Baltes, P. B. (Eds.). (2013). Life-span developmental psychology: Research and theory. Academic Press.

Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2019). Multivariate Data Analysis (Eight Edition). Hampshire: Cengage Learning, EMEA.

Hayes, S. C., Strosahl, K. D., & Wilson K. G. (2011). Acceptance and commitment therapy: The process and practice of mindful change. Guilford press.

Helminski, K. E. (2017). Living presence (Revised): The sufi path to mindfulness and the essential self. Penguin.

Ikhwanisifa, I., & Raudatussalamah, R. (2022). Peran Religious Coping dan Tawakal Untuk Meningkatkan Subjective Wellbeing Pada Masyarakat Melayu. Jurnal Psikologi, 18(1), 44. https://doi.org/10.24014/jp.v18i1.15265

Jennings, P. A., DeMauro, A. A., & Mischenko, P. (2019). Cultivating Awareness and Resilience in Education. In Handbook of Mindfulness-Based Programmes (pp. 219–230). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315265438-18

Kabat-Zinn, J. (1982). An outpatient program in behavioral medicine for chronic pain patients based on the practice of mindfulness meditation: Theoretical considerations and preliminary results. General Hospital Psychiatry, 4(1), 33–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/0163-8343(82)90026-3

Kabat-Zinn, J. (2003). Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR). Constructivism in the Human Sciences, 8(2), 73–84.

Kabat-Zinn, J. (2023). Wherever you go, there you are: Mindfulness meditation in everyday life. Hachette UK.

Zaman, K. R., Nasir, K & Adnan, I. (2023). Dimensi Teoretikal Psikoterapi Komplementari dalam Tafsir al-Qurṭubī. Maʿālim Al-Qurʾān Wa al-Sunnah, 19(1), 96–114. https://doi.org/10.33102/jmqs.v19i1.398

Kataria, M., Ben-Moshe, R., & Gonot-Schoupinsky, F. (2023). Laughter and mental health: a case study of Dr Madan Kataria. Mental Health and Social Inclusion, 27(3), 220–229. https://doi.org/10.1108/MHSI-03-2023-0032

Kementerian Agama, R. I. (2016). Al-Qur’an Al-Karim dan Terjemahannya dengan Transliterasi. PT. Karya Toha Putra.

Khoirunnisa, R. N., Jannah, M., Dewi, D. K., & Satiningsih, S. (2021). Prokrastinasi Akademik Mahasiswa Tingkat Akhir pada Masa Pandemi COVID-19. Jurnal Psikologi Teori Dan Terapan, 11(3), 278. https://doi.org/10.26740/jptt.v11n3.p278-292

Kim, K. R., & Seo, E. H. (2015). The relationship between procrastination and academic performance: A meta-analysis. Personality and Individual Differences, 82, 26–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.02.038

Klingsieck, K. B. (2013). Procrastination in Different Life-Domains: Is Procrastination Domain Specific? Current Psychology, 32(2), 175–185. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-013-9171-8

Mara, C. A., Cribbie, R. A., Flora, D. B., LaBrish, C., Mills, L., & Fiksenbaum, L. (2012). An Improved Model for Evaluating Change in Randomized Pretest, Posttest, Follow-Up Designs. Methodology, 8(3), 97–103. https://doi.org/10.1027/1614-2241/a000041

Marty-Dugas, J., Smith, A. C., & Smilek, D. (2023). Focus on your breath: Can mindfulness facilitate the experience of flow? Psychology of Consciousness: Theory, Research, and Practice, 10(3), 254–280. https://doi.org/10.1037/cns0000251

Mawdah, A. (2020). Prayer and Well-Being: Do Mindfulness, Optimism, Spirituality, and Social Support Mediate a Relationship Between Prayer and Well-Being in a Canadian-Muslim Population? University of Ottawa.

McCartney, M., Nevitt, S., Lloyd, A., Hill, R., White, R., & Duarte, R. (2021). Mindfulness‐based cognitive therapy for prevention and time to depressive relapse: Systematic review and network meta‐analysis. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 143(1), 6–21. https://doi.org/10.1111/acps.13242

Mccloskey, J., & Scielzo, S. A. (2015). Finally! The development and validation of the academic procrastination scale (Disertation). University of Texas.

Meindy, N., Djunaidi, A., & Triwahyuni, A. (2022). Adaptasi Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire Bahasa Indonesia. Psychocentrum Review, 4(1), 1-19.

Musa, Z. A., Kim Lam, S., Binti Mamat @ Mukhtar, F., Kwong Yan, S., Tajudeen Olalekan, O., & Kim Geok, S. (2020). Effectiveness of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on the management of depressive disorder: Systematic review. International Journal of Africa Nursing Sciences, 12, 100200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijans.2020.100200

Nábělková, E., & Ratkovská, J. (2015). Academic procrastination and factors contributing to its overcoming. The New Educational Review, 39(1), 107–118. https://doi.org/10.15804/tner.2015.39.1.09

Naldi, A., Cahaya, C., & Damanik, M. Z. (2023). Konsep tawakal dalam kajian akhlak tasawuf berdasarkan dalil pada al qur’an. Atthiflah: Journal of Early Childhood Islamic Education, 10(2), 320–329.

Netzer, T. , Ruth, & Pollak, Y. (2023). Using the temporal motivation theory to explain the relation between ADHD and procrastination. Australian Psychologist, 58(6), 448–456. https://doi.org/10.1080/00050067.2023.2218540

Nazari, S., Ajorpaz, N. M., Sadat, Z., Hosseinian, M., & Esalatmanesh, S. (2021). The relationship between academic procrastination and depression in students of Kashan University of Medical Sciences. International Archives of Health Sciences, 8(3), 154-158.

Neuman, W. L. (2011). Social Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. University of Wisconsin.

Nikolayeva, I., Yessad, A., Laforge, B., & Luengo, V. (2020). Does an E-mail Reminder Intervention with Learning Analytics Reduce Procrastination in a Blended University Course? (pp. 60–73). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57717-9_5

Ocansey, G., Addo, C., Onyeaka, H. K., Andoh-Arthur, J., & Oppong Asante, K. (2022). The Influence of Personality Types on Academic Procrastination Among Undergraduate Students. International Journal of School & Educational Psychology, 10(3), 360–367. https://doi.org/10.1080/21683603.2020.1841051

Peixoto, L. S. A., & Gondim, S. M. G. meindy(2020). Mindfulness e regulação emocional: uma revisão sistemática de literatura. SMAD Revista Eletrônica Saúde Mental Álcool e Drogas (Edição Em Português), 16(3), 88–104. https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.1806-6976.smad.2020.168328

Rahim Kamarul Zaman, Khairulnazrin Nasir, Muhammad Adam Abd. Azid, & Abdul Azib Hussain. (2021). Mekanisme Kawalan Kesejahteraan Psikologi Berasaskan Metode al-Tafakkur Dalam Al-Quran. Maʿālim Al-Qurʾān Wa al-Sunnah, 17, 26–38. https://doi.org/10.33102/jmqs.v17i2.327

Rahman, M. I. (2022). Tawakkal sebagai sumber kebahagiaan hidup telaah pemikiran Badiuzzaman Said Nursi dalam Al-Kalimāt aṣ-Ṣhaghirah Fil-‘Aqīdah Wal-‘Ibādah. ISLAMIDA Journal of Islamic Studies, 1(2), 72–87.

Rangkuti, R. A. S., & Pasaribu, S. (2023). Sabar dan sholat sebagai penolong dalam Al-Qur’an surah Al-Baqarah ayat 153. Jurnal Riset Rumpun Agama Dan Filsafat, 2(2), 38–51. https://doi.org/10.55606/jurrafi.v2i2.1528

Rastelli, C., Calabrese, L., Miller, C., Raffone, A., & De Pisapia, N. (2021). The Art of Happiness: An Explorative Study of a Contemplative Program for Subjective Well-Being. Frontiers in Psychology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.600982

Rebetez, M. M. L., Rochat, L., Barsics, C., & Van der Linden, M. (2018). Procrastination as a Self-Regulation Failure: The Role of Impulsivity and Intrusive Thoughts. Psychological Reports, 121(1), 26–41. https://doi.org/10.1177/0033294117720695

Risni, T. W., Vitasmoro, P., & Sukiram, S. (2023). Upaya Mengurangi Dampak Prokrastinasi Melalui Pembinaan Berkelanjutan Pada Sistem Pembelajaran Pendidikan Agama Islam (Studi Kasus: Mahasiswa Universitas Kadiri). Sentra Cendekia, 4(2), 72–80.

Rozental, A., Carlbring, P., & Andersson, G. (2014). Procrastination and Internet-based cognitive-behavioral therapy. British Journal of Health Psychology, 19(3), 509–522.

Scent, C. L., & Boes, S. R. (2014). Acceptance and Commitment Training: A Brief Intervention to Reduce Procrastination Among College Students. Journal of College Student Psychotherapy, 28(2), 144–156. https://doi.org/10.1080/87568225.2014.883887

Schraw, G., Wadkins, T., & Olafson, L. (2007). Doing the things we do: a grounded theory of academic procrastination. Journal of Educational Psychology, 99(1), 12–25.

Schutte, N. S., & Ed Bolger. (2020). Greater Mindfulness is Linked to Less Procrastination. International Journal of Applied Positive Psychology, 5(1–2), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41042-019-00025-4

Segal, Z. V., Williams, J. M. G., & Teasdale, J. D. (2018). Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for depression. Guilford Publications.

Sekaran, U., & Bougie, R. J. (2016). Research methods for business: a skill building approach (7th edition). John Wiley & Sons Inc.

Sirois, F. M., & Kitner, R. (2015). Less Adaptive or More Maladaptive? A Meta–analytic Investigation of Procrastination and Coping. European Journal of Personality, 29(4), 433–444. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.1985

Sriwijaya, R. P., Razzaq, A., & Fitri, H. U. (2023). Korelasi self control dengan prokrastinasi akademik mahasiswa semester akhir Fakultas Dakwah Dan Komunikasi UIN Raden Fatah Palembang. Jurnal Ilmu Sosial, Humaniora Dan Seni, 1(2), 67–73.

Starks, S., & Bower, J. (2021). Time management skills as a tool for reducing academic procrastination both in the classroom and during academic internships. Journal of Interprofessional Practice and Collaboration, 3(2), 5–24.

Steel, P., & Klingsieck, K. B. (2016). Academic Procrastination: Psychological Antecedents Revisited. Australian Psychologist, 51(1), 36–46. https://doi.org/10.1111/ap.12173

Suhadianto, S., & Ananta, A. (2022). Bagaimana prokrastinasi akademik mahasiswa indonesia pada masa pandemi covid-19?: pengujian deskriptif dan komparatif. SUKMA: Jurnal Penelitian Psikologi, 3(1), 71–78.

Syamila, M., & Mansoer, W. W. D. (2023). Mindfulness and Mind-Wandering in Prayer: a Mixed Methods Study of the Role of Spirituality and Religiosity in Islamic Preachers. Psikis: Jurnal Psikologi Islami, 9(1), 122-136. https://doi.org/10.19109/psikis.v9i1.11314

Tang, Y.-Y., Hölzel, B. K., & Posner, M. I. (2015). The neuroscience of mindfulness meditation. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 16(4), 213–225. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn3916

Thomas, J., Furber, S. W., & Grey, I. (2017). The rise of mindfulness and its resonance with the Islamic tradition. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 20(10), 973–985. https://doi.org/10.1080/13674676.2017.1412410

Tuckman, B. W. (1991). The development and concurrent validity of the procrastination scale. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 51(2), 473–480.

Ugwuanyi, C. S., Gana, C. S., Ugwuanyi, C. C., Ezenwa, D. N., Eya, N. M., Ene, C. U., Nwoye, N. M., Ncheke, D. C., Adene, F. M., Ede, M. O., Onyishi, C. N., & Ossai, V. O. (2020). Efficacy of Cognitive Behaviour Therapy on Academic Procrastination Behaviours Among Students Enrolled in Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics Education (PCME). Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 38(4), 522–539. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10942-020-00350-7

Uzun Ozer, B., Demir, A., & Ferrari, J. R. (2013). Reducing Academic Procrastination Through a Group Treatment Program: A Pilot Study. Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 31(3), 127–135. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10942-013-0165-0

Wang, S., Zhou, Y., Yu, S., Ran, L.-W., Liu, X.-P., & Chen, Y.-F. (2017). Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Cognitive–Behavioral Therapy as Treatments for Academic Procrastination. Research on Social Work Practice, 27(1), 48–58. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049731515577890

Watkins, P. C., Woodward, K., Stone, T., & Kolts, R. L. (2003). Gratitude and happiness: development of a measure of gratitude, and relationships with subjective well-being. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 31(5), 431–451. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2003.31.5.431

Wiharjanto, D., & Suharyat, Y. (2022). Syukur wa kufur nikmat fil Al Quran. Religion : Jurnal Agama, Sosial, Dan Budaya, 1(6), 01–16. https://doi.org/10.55606/religion.v1i6.14

Wu, H., Gui, D., Lin, W., Gu, R., Zhu, X., & Liu, X. (2016). The procrastinators want it now: Behavioral and event-related potential evidence of the procrastination of intertemporal choices. Brain and Cognition, 107, 16–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandc.2016.06.005

Zacks, S., & Hen, M. (2018). Academic interventions for academic procrastination: A review of the literature. Journal of Prevention and Intervention in the Community, 46(2), 117–130. https://doi.org/10.1080/10852352.2016.1198154

Zhang, S., & Feng, T. (2020). Modeling procrastination: Asymmetric decisions to act between the present and the future. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 149(2), 311–322. https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0000643