The Effect Of Intellectual Humility, Multicultural Personality, and Religious Orientation Toward Religious Tolerance On Students Of UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta
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Published:
Jun 30, 2021
Keywords:
Intellectual Humility, Multicultural Personality, Religious Orientation, Religious Tolerance
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Abstract
This study aims to determine the influence of intellectual humility, multicultural personality (cultural empathy, open-mindedness, emotional stability, flexibility, and social initiative), religious orientation (quest religiousness, intrinsic religiousness, and extrinsic religiousness) toward religious tolerance on students of the Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University of Jakarta. Participants in this study involved 360 students using non-probability sampling as a sampling technique. As for religious tolerance measuring instrument uses a measuring instrument from RT Witenberg`s theory with modified into the scale. The intellectual humility variable uses the Comprehensive Intellectual Humility Scale (CHIS), the multicultural personality variable uses the Multicultural Personality Questionnaire Short Form (the MPQ-SF) and the religious orientation variable uses the Introduction to the New Indices of Religious Orientation (NIRO). The findings show a significant influence between intellectual humility, multicultural personality, and religious orientation toward religious tolerance with a proportion of variance of about 51%. The four significant variables are intellectual humility, cultural empathy, open-mindedness, intrinsic religiousness. While the influence of emotional stability, flexibility, social initiative, quest religiousness, and extrinsic religiousness has no significant effect. multicultural personality and religious orientation toward religious tolerance with a proportion of variance of about 51%. The four significant variables are intellectual humility, cultural empathy, open-mindedness, intrinsic religiousness. While the influence of emotional stability, flexibility, social initiative, quest religiousness, and extrinsic religiousness has no significant effect. multicultural personality and religious orientation toward religious tolerance with a proportion of variance of about 51%. The four significant variables are intellectual humility, cultural empathy, open-mindedness, intrinsic religiousness. While the influence of emotional stability, flexibility, social initiative, quest religiousness, and extrinsic religiousness has no significant effect.
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How to Cite
The Effect Of Intellectual Humility, Multicultural Personality, and Religious Orientation Toward Religious Tolerance On Students Of UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta. (2021). Psikis : Jurnal Psikologi Islami, 7(1), 10-19. https://doi.org/10.19109/psikis.v7i1.6524
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Articles June 2021
Psikis: Jurnal Psikologi Islami by http://jurnal.radenfatah.ac.id/index.php/psikis is licensed under a Lisensi Creative Commons Atribusi-BerbagiSerupa 4.0 Internasional.
How to Cite
The Effect Of Intellectual Humility, Multicultural Personality, and Religious Orientation Toward Religious Tolerance On Students Of UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta. (2021). Psikis : Jurnal Psikologi Islami, 7(1), 10-19. https://doi.org/10.19109/psikis.v7i1.6524
References
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Allport, G. W., & Ross, J. M. (1967). Personal Religious Orientation and Prejudice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 5(4), 432–443. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2005-11100-004
Altemeyer, B. (2003). Research: Why Do Religious Fundamentalists Tend to be Prejudiced? The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 13(1), 17–28. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327582IJPR1301
Altemeyer, B., & Hunsberger, B. (1992). The International Journal for the Fundamentalism , Quest , and Prejudice Authoritarianism , Religious Fundamentalism , Quest , and Prejudice. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 2(2), 37–41. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327582ijpr0202
Apinino, R. (2018). Detail Kejadian Keluhan Suara Azan dan Kerusuhan di Tanjung Balai. Tirto.Id. https://tirto.id/detail-kejadian-keluhan-suara-azan-dan-kerusuhan-di-tanjung-balai-cUg6
Batson, C. D., & Schoenrade, P. A. (1991a). Measuring Religion as Quest : 1 ) Validity Concerns *. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 30(4), 416–429.
Batson, C. D., & Schoenrade, P. A. (1991b). Measuring Religion as Quest : 2 ) Reliability Concerns *. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 30(4), 430–447.
BBC. (2017). Bagaimana agar intoleransi tak berlanjut sesudah pilkada DKI Jakarta. BBC. https://www.bbc.com/indonesia/indonesia-42042632
Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1992). Alternative Ways of Assessing Model Fit. Sociological Methods & Research, 21(2), 230–258. https://doi.org/10.1177/0049124192021002005
Butrus, N., & Witenberg, R. T. (2013). Some personality predictors of tolerance to human diversity: The roles of openness, agreeableness, and empathy. Australian Psychologist, 48(4), 290–298. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1742-9544.2012.00081.x
Clogg, C. C., & Bollen, K. A. (1991). Structural Equations with Latent Variables. In Contemporary Sociology (Vol. 20, Issue 1). https://doi.org/10.2307/2072165
CNN Indonesia. (2019). Rentetan Bom dan Aksi Terorisme Selama Ramadhan di Indonesia. CNN. https://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20190604110800-20-400871/rentetan-bom-dan-aksi-terorisme-selama-ramadan-di-indonesia
Duta. (2019). The Santri dan Hukum Membuat Film Menabrak Akidah Menurut Gus Qoyyum. Duta.Co. https://duta.co/the-santri-dan-hukum-membuat-film-menabrak-akidah-menurut-gus-qoyyum
Fauzan, A. (2018). Mahasiswa Non Muslim Dapat Belajar di UIN Jakarta. Kabar Kampus. http://kabarkampus.com/2018/07/mahasiswa-non-muslim-dapat-belajar-di-uin-jakarta/
Fisher, R. D., Derison, D., Polley, C. F., Cadman, J., & Johnston, D. (1994). Religiousness, Religious Orientation, and Attitudes Towards Gays and Lesbians. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 24(7), 614–630. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.1994.tb00603.x
Francis, L. J. (2007). Introducing the New Indices of Religious Orientation ( NIRO ): Conceptualization and measurement. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 10(6), 585–602. https://doi.org/10.1080/13674670601035510
Gawali, G. S., & Khattar, T. (2016). The Influence of Multicultural Personality on Attitude Towards Religious Diversity Among Youth. Journal of the Indian Academy of Applied Psychology, 42(June), 114–123.
Hook, J. N., Davis, D. E., Tongeren, D. R. Van, Hill, P. C., Everett, L., Jr, W., Farrell, J. E., & Dieke, P. (2015). Intellectual humility and forgiveness of religious leaders. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 37–41. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2015.1004554
Hook, J. N., Farrell, J. E., Johnson, K. A., Van, D. R., Davis, D. E., Aten, J. D., Hook, J. N., Farrell, J. E., Johnson, K. A., Van, D. R., Davis, D. E., & Aten, J. D. (2016). Intellectual humility and religious tolerance. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 9760(May). https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2016.1167937
Hukmana, S. Y. (2019). Radikalisme dan Intoleransi Mengganggu Ketenangan Pemilu. Medcom.Id. https://www.medcom.id/pemilu/news-pemilu/akWGBR3k-radikalisme-dan-intoleransi-mengganggu-ketenangan-pemilu
Jöreskog, K. G., & Sörbom, D. (1993). Structural Equation Modeling with the Simplis Command Language.
Kementerian Agama RI. (2010). Toleransi beragama mahasiswa (Studi tentang Pengaruh Kepribadian, Keterlibatan Organisasi, Hasil Belajar Pendidikan Agama, dan Lingkungan Pendidikan terhadap Toleransi Mahasiswa Berbeda Agama pada 7 Perguruan Tinggi Umum Negeri) (Bahari (ed.)). Badan Litbang dan Diklat Kementerian Agama.
Korol, L. (2018). Does multicultural personality moderate the relationship between cross-group friendship and allophilia? Journal of Social Psychology, 159(6), 649–663. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.2018.1549012
Korol, L. D. (2017). Is the Association Between Multicultural Personality and Ethnic Tolerance Explained by Cross-Group Friendship? Journal of General Psychology, 144(4), 264–282. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221309.2017.1374118
Korol, L. D., & Cabral, G. G. M. (2016). The influence of multicultural personality on attitude towards. Psicologia: Teoria e Pratica, 18(2), 57–74.
Krumrei-mancuso, E. J. (2016). Intellectual humility and prosocial values : Direct and mediated effects Intellectual humility and prosocial values : Direct and mediated effects. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 9760(June). https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2016.1167938
Krumrei-mancuso, E. J., & Rouse, S. V. (2016). The Development and Validation of the Comprehensive Intellectual Humility Scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 98(2), 209–221. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2015.1068174
Maimanah. (2013). Wanita dan Toleransi Beragama ( Analisis Psikologis ). Mu`adalah Jurnal Studi Gender Dan Anak, 1(1), 51–58.
Mcelroy, S. E., Rice, K. G., Davis, D. E., Hook, J., Hill, P. C., Worthington, E. L. J., & Tongeren, D. R. Van. (2014). Intellectual Humility : Scale Development and Theoretical Elaborations in the Context of Religious Leadership. Journal of Psychology & Theology, 42(1), 19–30. https://doi.org/10.1177/009164711404200103
Mummendey, A., & Wenzel, M. (1999). Social Discrimination and Tolerance in Intergroup Relations: Reactions to Intergroup Difference. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 3(2), 158–174. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327957pspr0302
Noor, T. R. (2018). Meneropong Indonesia: Sebuah Analisis Sosiologis dan Psikologis Atas Konflik Benuansa Keagamaan Di Indonesia. Journal An-Nafs; Kajian Penelitian Psikologi, 3(2), 135–150. https://doi.org/10.33367/psi.v3i2.499
Oudenhoven, J. P. Van, & Zee, K. I. Van Der. (2002). Predicting multicultural effectiveness of international students : the Multicultural Personality Questionnaire. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 26, 679–694.
Rodriguez, D., Hook, J. N., Farrell, J. E., Mosher, D. K., Zhang, H., Tongeren, D. R. Van, Davis, D. E., Aten, J. D., Hill, C., Rodriguez, D., Hook, J. N., Farrell, J. E., Mosher, D. K., Zhang, H., Tongeren, D. R. Van, Davis, D. E., Aten, J. D., & Hill, P. C. (2017). Religious intellectual humility , attitude change , and closeness following religious disagreement. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 9760(October), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2017.1388429
Tongeren, D. R. Van, Hakim, S., Hook, J. N., Johnson, K. A., Green, J. D., Hulsey, T. L., Davis, D. E., Tongeren, D. R. Van, Hakim, S., Hook, J. N., Johnson, A., Green, J. D., Hulsey, T. L., & Davis, D. E. (2016). Toward an Understanding of Religious Tolerance : Quest Religiousness and Positive Attitudes Toward Religiously Dissimilar Others Toward an Understanding of Religious Tolerance : Quest Religiousness and Positive Attitudes Toward Religiously Dissimilar. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 00(March 2016), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/10508619.2015.1039417
Tongeren, D. R. Van, Stafford, J., Hook, J. N., Green, J. D., Davis, D. E., Johnson, K. A., Tongeren, D. R. Van, Stafford, J., Hook, J. N., Green, J. D., Davis, D. E., & Johnson, K. A. (2016). Humility attenuates negative attitudes and behaviors toward religious out-group members. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 9760(February). https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2015.1037861
Tsang, J. A., & Rowatt, W. C. (2007). The relationship between religious orientation, right-wing authoritarianism, and implicit sexual prejudice. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 17(2), 99–120. https://doi.org/10.1080/10508610701244122
Verkuyten, M. (2010). Multiculturalism and Tolerance An Intergroup Perspective. In R. J. Crisp (Ed.), The Psychology of Social and Cultural Diversity (pp. 1–25). Blackwell Publishing.
Verkuyten, M., & Yogeeswaran, K. (2016). The Social Psychology of Intergroup Toleration : A Roadmap for Theory and Research. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868316640974
Witenberg, R T. (2019). 1 . 1 What is Tolerance : Competing Interpretations. In The Psychology of Tolerance. SpringerBriefs in Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-3789-5
Witenberg, Rivka T. (2007). The moral dimension of children ’ s and adolescents ’ conceptualisation of tolerance to human diversity. Journal of Moral Education, January 2015, 37–41. https://doi.org/10.1080/03057240701688002
Witenberg, Rivka T. (2019). The Psychology of Tolerance Conception and Development. Springer.
Zee, K. I. Van Der, & Oudenhoven, J. P. Van. (2000). The multicultural personality questionnaire- A multidimensional instrument of multicultural effectivenes. European Journal of Personality, 14, 291–309.
Zee, K. I. Van Der, & Oudenhoven, J. P. Van. (2001). The Multicultural Personality Questionnaire: Reliability and Validity of Self- and Other Ratings of Multicultural Effectiveness Karen I. Van der Zee and Jan Pieter Van Oudenhoven. Journal of Research in Personality, 288, 278–288. https://doi.org/10.1006/jrpe.2001.2320
Zee, K. Van Der, Oudenhoven, J. P. Van, Ponterotto, J. G., & Alexander, W. (2013). Multicultural Personality Questionnaire : Development of a Short Form Multicultural Personality Questionnaire : Development of a Short Form. Journal of Personality Assessment, 95(1), 37–41. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2012.718302
Zhang, H., Farrell, J. E., & Hook, J. N. (2015). Intellectual Humility and Forgiveness of Religious Conflict. Journal of Psychology & Theology, 43(4), 255–262. https://doi.org/10.1177/009164711504300403
Allport, G. W., & Ross, J. M. (1967). Personal Religious Orientation and Prejudice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 5(4), 432–443. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2005-11100-004
Altemeyer, B. (2003). Research: Why Do Religious Fundamentalists Tend to be Prejudiced? The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 13(1), 17–28. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327582IJPR1301
Altemeyer, B., & Hunsberger, B. (1992). The International Journal for the Fundamentalism , Quest , and Prejudice Authoritarianism , Religious Fundamentalism , Quest , and Prejudice. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 2(2), 37–41. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327582ijpr0202
Apinino, R. (2018). Detail Kejadian Keluhan Suara Azan dan Kerusuhan di Tanjung Balai. Tirto.Id. https://tirto.id/detail-kejadian-keluhan-suara-azan-dan-kerusuhan-di-tanjung-balai-cUg6
Batson, C. D., & Schoenrade, P. A. (1991a). Measuring Religion as Quest : 1 ) Validity Concerns *. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 30(4), 416–429.
Batson, C. D., & Schoenrade, P. A. (1991b). Measuring Religion as Quest : 2 ) Reliability Concerns *. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 30(4), 430–447.
BBC. (2017). Bagaimana agar intoleransi tak berlanjut sesudah pilkada DKI Jakarta. BBC. https://www.bbc.com/indonesia/indonesia-42042632
Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1992). Alternative Ways of Assessing Model Fit. Sociological Methods & Research, 21(2), 230–258. https://doi.org/10.1177/0049124192021002005
Butrus, N., & Witenberg, R. T. (2013). Some personality predictors of tolerance to human diversity: The roles of openness, agreeableness, and empathy. Australian Psychologist, 48(4), 290–298. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1742-9544.2012.00081.x
Clogg, C. C., & Bollen, K. A. (1991). Structural Equations with Latent Variables. In Contemporary Sociology (Vol. 20, Issue 1). https://doi.org/10.2307/2072165
CNN Indonesia. (2019). Rentetan Bom dan Aksi Terorisme Selama Ramadhan di Indonesia. CNN. https://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20190604110800-20-400871/rentetan-bom-dan-aksi-terorisme-selama-ramadan-di-indonesia
Duta. (2019). The Santri dan Hukum Membuat Film Menabrak Akidah Menurut Gus Qoyyum. Duta.Co. https://duta.co/the-santri-dan-hukum-membuat-film-menabrak-akidah-menurut-gus-qoyyum
Fauzan, A. (2018). Mahasiswa Non Muslim Dapat Belajar di UIN Jakarta. Kabar Kampus. http://kabarkampus.com/2018/07/mahasiswa-non-muslim-dapat-belajar-di-uin-jakarta/
Fisher, R. D., Derison, D., Polley, C. F., Cadman, J., & Johnston, D. (1994). Religiousness, Religious Orientation, and Attitudes Towards Gays and Lesbians. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 24(7), 614–630. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.1994.tb00603.x
Francis, L. J. (2007). Introducing the New Indices of Religious Orientation ( NIRO ): Conceptualization and measurement. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 10(6), 585–602. https://doi.org/10.1080/13674670601035510
Gawali, G. S., & Khattar, T. (2016). The Influence of Multicultural Personality on Attitude Towards Religious Diversity Among Youth. Journal of the Indian Academy of Applied Psychology, 42(June), 114–123.
Hook, J. N., Davis, D. E., Tongeren, D. R. Van, Hill, P. C., Everett, L., Jr, W., Farrell, J. E., & Dieke, P. (2015). Intellectual humility and forgiveness of religious leaders. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 37–41. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2015.1004554
Hook, J. N., Farrell, J. E., Johnson, K. A., Van, D. R., Davis, D. E., Aten, J. D., Hook, J. N., Farrell, J. E., Johnson, K. A., Van, D. R., Davis, D. E., & Aten, J. D. (2016). Intellectual humility and religious tolerance. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 9760(May). https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2016.1167937
Hukmana, S. Y. (2019). Radikalisme dan Intoleransi Mengganggu Ketenangan Pemilu. Medcom.Id. https://www.medcom.id/pemilu/news-pemilu/akWGBR3k-radikalisme-dan-intoleransi-mengganggu-ketenangan-pemilu
Jöreskog, K. G., & Sörbom, D. (1993). Structural Equation Modeling with the Simplis Command Language.
Kementerian Agama RI. (2010). Toleransi beragama mahasiswa (Studi tentang Pengaruh Kepribadian, Keterlibatan Organisasi, Hasil Belajar Pendidikan Agama, dan Lingkungan Pendidikan terhadap Toleransi Mahasiswa Berbeda Agama pada 7 Perguruan Tinggi Umum Negeri) (Bahari (ed.)). Badan Litbang dan Diklat Kementerian Agama.
Korol, L. (2018). Does multicultural personality moderate the relationship between cross-group friendship and allophilia? Journal of Social Psychology, 159(6), 649–663. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.2018.1549012
Korol, L. D. (2017). Is the Association Between Multicultural Personality and Ethnic Tolerance Explained by Cross-Group Friendship? Journal of General Psychology, 144(4), 264–282. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221309.2017.1374118
Korol, L. D., & Cabral, G. G. M. (2016). The influence of multicultural personality on attitude towards. Psicologia: Teoria e Pratica, 18(2), 57–74.
Krumrei-mancuso, E. J. (2016). Intellectual humility and prosocial values : Direct and mediated effects Intellectual humility and prosocial values : Direct and mediated effects. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 9760(June). https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2016.1167938
Krumrei-mancuso, E. J., & Rouse, S. V. (2016). The Development and Validation of the Comprehensive Intellectual Humility Scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 98(2), 209–221. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2015.1068174
Maimanah. (2013). Wanita dan Toleransi Beragama ( Analisis Psikologis ). Mu`adalah Jurnal Studi Gender Dan Anak, 1(1), 51–58.
Mcelroy, S. E., Rice, K. G., Davis, D. E., Hook, J., Hill, P. C., Worthington, E. L. J., & Tongeren, D. R. Van. (2014). Intellectual Humility : Scale Development and Theoretical Elaborations in the Context of Religious Leadership. Journal of Psychology & Theology, 42(1), 19–30. https://doi.org/10.1177/009164711404200103
Mummendey, A., & Wenzel, M. (1999). Social Discrimination and Tolerance in Intergroup Relations: Reactions to Intergroup Difference. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 3(2), 158–174. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327957pspr0302
Noor, T. R. (2018). Meneropong Indonesia: Sebuah Analisis Sosiologis dan Psikologis Atas Konflik Benuansa Keagamaan Di Indonesia. Journal An-Nafs; Kajian Penelitian Psikologi, 3(2), 135–150. https://doi.org/10.33367/psi.v3i2.499
Oudenhoven, J. P. Van, & Zee, K. I. Van Der. (2002). Predicting multicultural effectiveness of international students : the Multicultural Personality Questionnaire. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 26, 679–694.
Rodriguez, D., Hook, J. N., Farrell, J. E., Mosher, D. K., Zhang, H., Tongeren, D. R. Van, Davis, D. E., Aten, J. D., Hill, C., Rodriguez, D., Hook, J. N., Farrell, J. E., Mosher, D. K., Zhang, H., Tongeren, D. R. Van, Davis, D. E., Aten, J. D., & Hill, P. C. (2017). Religious intellectual humility , attitude change , and closeness following religious disagreement. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 9760(October), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2017.1388429
Tongeren, D. R. Van, Hakim, S., Hook, J. N., Johnson, K. A., Green, J. D., Hulsey, T. L., Davis, D. E., Tongeren, D. R. Van, Hakim, S., Hook, J. N., Johnson, A., Green, J. D., Hulsey, T. L., & Davis, D. E. (2016). Toward an Understanding of Religious Tolerance : Quest Religiousness and Positive Attitudes Toward Religiously Dissimilar Others Toward an Understanding of Religious Tolerance : Quest Religiousness and Positive Attitudes Toward Religiously Dissimilar. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 00(March 2016), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/10508619.2015.1039417
Tongeren, D. R. Van, Stafford, J., Hook, J. N., Green, J. D., Davis, D. E., Johnson, K. A., Tongeren, D. R. Van, Stafford, J., Hook, J. N., Green, J. D., Davis, D. E., & Johnson, K. A. (2016). Humility attenuates negative attitudes and behaviors toward religious out-group members. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 9760(February). https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2015.1037861
Tsang, J. A., & Rowatt, W. C. (2007). The relationship between religious orientation, right-wing authoritarianism, and implicit sexual prejudice. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 17(2), 99–120. https://doi.org/10.1080/10508610701244122
Verkuyten, M. (2010). Multiculturalism and Tolerance An Intergroup Perspective. In R. J. Crisp (Ed.), The Psychology of Social and Cultural Diversity (pp. 1–25). Blackwell Publishing.
Verkuyten, M., & Yogeeswaran, K. (2016). The Social Psychology of Intergroup Toleration : A Roadmap for Theory and Research. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868316640974
Witenberg, R T. (2019). 1 . 1 What is Tolerance : Competing Interpretations. In The Psychology of Tolerance. SpringerBriefs in Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-3789-5
Witenberg, Rivka T. (2007). The moral dimension of children ’ s and adolescents ’ conceptualisation of tolerance to human diversity. Journal of Moral Education, January 2015, 37–41. https://doi.org/10.1080/03057240701688002
Witenberg, Rivka T. (2019). The Psychology of Tolerance Conception and Development. Springer.
Zee, K. I. Van Der, & Oudenhoven, J. P. Van. (2000). The multicultural personality questionnaire- A multidimensional instrument of multicultural effectivenes. European Journal of Personality, 14, 291–309.
Zee, K. I. Van Der, & Oudenhoven, J. P. Van. (2001). The Multicultural Personality Questionnaire: Reliability and Validity of Self- and Other Ratings of Multicultural Effectiveness Karen I. Van der Zee and Jan Pieter Van Oudenhoven. Journal of Research in Personality, 288, 278–288. https://doi.org/10.1006/jrpe.2001.2320
Zee, K. Van Der, Oudenhoven, J. P. Van, Ponterotto, J. G., & Alexander, W. (2013). Multicultural Personality Questionnaire : Development of a Short Form Multicultural Personality Questionnaire : Development of a Short Form. Journal of Personality Assessment, 95(1), 37–41. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2012.718302
Zhang, H., Farrell, J. E., & Hook, J. N. (2015). Intellectual Humility and Forgiveness of Religious Conflict. Journal of Psychology & Theology, 43(4), 255–262. https://doi.org/10.1177/009164711504300403