Nanoencapsulation of Simpur (Dillenia indica L.) Leaf Extract For Antibacterial
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Keywords:
Nanoencapsulation, Dillenia indica L, Antibacterial
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Abstract
Simpur leaf (Dillenia indica L.) as a traditional medicinal plant spread in the Bangka Belitung Islands. Secondary metabolites contained in simpur leaf extract are alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, tannins, saponins, steroids, and terpenoids. Compounds that provide pharmacological properties such as polyphenols are unstable to the influence of temperature and high light intensity so that they are easily oxidized. The challenge to protect the damage of these compounds can be done by means of nanoencapsulation. This study aims to determine the size and efficiency of the nanoencapsulation of simpur leaf extract and its antibacterial bioactivity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria. Manufacture of nanoencapsulation using the nanoprecipitation method with the constituent components of PCL (1.5 g), Tween 80 (50 mL), simpur leaf extract (0.15 g; 0.25 g; 0.35 g). Antibacterial activity testing using disc diffusion method. Nanoencapsulated extract mass 0.15 g; 0.25 g; and 0.35 g have sizes of 167.2 nm, respectively; 208.7 nm; and 229.1 nm and encapsulation efficiency of 88.21%; 56.77%; and 5.34%. The antibacterial activity of the nanoencapsulation and extract was more effective in inhibiting the growth of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria than Escherichia coli bacteria. Strength of activity against Staphylococcus aureus bacteria in nanoencapsulated extracts was categorized as moderate to strong and Escherichia coli bacteria in extracts were categorized as moderate.
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Nanoencapsulation of Simpur (Dillenia indica L.) Leaf Extract For Antibacterial. (2023). ALKIMIA : Jurnal Ilmu Kimia Dan Terapan, 6(2), 251-262. https://doi.org/10.19109/alkimia.v6i2.13675
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How to Cite
Nanoencapsulation of Simpur (Dillenia indica L.) Leaf Extract For Antibacterial. (2023). ALKIMIA : Jurnal Ilmu Kimia Dan Terapan, 6(2), 251-262. https://doi.org/10.19109/alkimia.v6i2.13675
References
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[20] He, J., Shi, H., Huang, S., Han, L., Zhang, W., and Zhong, Q., “Core Shell Nanoencapsulation of Tocopherol by Blending Sodium Oleate and Rebaudioside A: Preparation, Characterization, and Antioxidant Activity”, Journal Molecules, vol. 23, no.12, 3183, 2018, doi: 10.3390/molecules23123183
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[22] Khumaini, M.A., “Microencapsulation of Black Cumin (Nigella savita L.) Extract with Complex Coaservation Method”, Thesis, Alauddin State Islamic University, Makassar, 2017.
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[25] Maimuna, M., and Royani, I. , “Preliminary Study of the Effect of Chloroform as a Solvent on the Extraction Process of Nano Caffeine Molecularly Imprinted Polymer (MIP)”, Journal of Physics, vol. 10, no. 1, 1-7, 2020, doi: 10.15294/jf.v10i1.23806
[26] Kamal, S.E., dan Tiara, D.L., “Antibacterial Activity Test of Pepino Fruit Extract (Solanum muricatum Ait) Against the Growth of Escherichia coli Bacteria”, Journal of Pharmacy Sandi Karsa, vol. 5, no.1, 15-18, 2019, doi: 10.36060/jfs.v5i1.35
[27] Rastina, R., Sudarwanto, M., and Wientarsih, I., “Antibacterial Activity of Curry Leaf Ethanol Extract (Murraya koenigii) Against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas Sp”, Indonesian Journal of Veterinary Medicine, vol. 9, no.2, 2015, doi: 10.21157/j.ked.hewan.v9i2.2842
[28] Fitriana, N., and Jayuska, A. , “Antibacterial Activity Ethanol Extract of Kandis Acid Fruit (Garcinia diociablume) Encapsulated by Maltodextrin”, Journal of Equatorial Chemistry, vol. 3, no. 1, 2014.
[29] Natasya, B., “Preparation of Nanoparticles from Ethanol Extract of Srikaya Leaves (Annona squamosa L.) and Antibacterial Activity Test Against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli”, Thesis, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Northern Sumatra, Medan, 2018.
[30] Kanai, T., Thirumoolan, D., Mohanram, R., Vetrivel, K., and Basha, K.A., “Antimicrobial Activity of Hyperbranched Polymers: Synthesis, Characterization, and Activity Assay Study”, Journal of Bioactive and Compatible Polymers, vol. 30, no. 2, 145-156, 2015, doi: 10.1177/0883911514565936
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[33] Dwicahyani, T., Sumardianto, S., and Rianingsih, L., “Bioactivity Test of Rivet Sea Cucumber Extract (Holothuria atra) As Antibacterial Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli”, Journal of Fishery Products Processing and Biotechnology, vol. 7, no. 1, 15-24, 2018.
[34] Fitriah, F., Mappiratu, M., and Prismawiryanti, P., “Antibacterial Activity Test of Johar (Cassia siamea Lamk.) Leaf Extract from Several Polarity Levels of Covalent Solvents”, Journal of Chemical Research, vol. 3, no. 3, 242-251, 2017, doi: 10.22487/j24775398.2017.v3.i3.9333
[35] Rijayanti, R. P., “Antibacterial Activity Test of Ethanol Extract of Mango Bacang Leaves (Mangifera Foetida L.) Against Staphylococcus aureus In Vitro”, PSPD Student Journal, vol. 1, no. 1, 2014.
[36] Amalia, A., Sari, I., and Nursanty, R. , “Antibacterial Activity of Ethyl Acetate Extract of Sembung Leaves (Blumea balsamifera) Against the Growth of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Bacteria”, Proceedings of the National Seminar on Biotics, vol. 5, no.1, 2018.
[2] Gandhi, D., and Metha, P., “Dillenia indica Linn. and Dillenia pentagyna Roxb, Pharmacognostic, Phytochemical and Therapeutic Aspects”, Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, vol. 3, no. 11, 134-142, 2013, doi: 10.7324/JAPS.2013.31124
[3] Hasibuan, V. M, “Effect of Ethanol Extract of Simpur Leaf (Dillenia Indica L.) on Spleen, Lung and Kidney Organ Index in White Rat (Rattus Norvegicus L.) Wistar strain”, Journal of Pharmacy Students, vol. 3, no. 1, 2016.
[4] Utami, M. R, and Anjani, R. D, , “Phytochemical and Toxicity Analysis of Ethanol Extract of Leaves, Bark, Roots of Simpur Plant (Dillenia indica L.) Using Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) Method”, Journal of Pharmaceutical Media, vol.16, no. 2, 230-237, 2020, doi: 10.32382/mf.v16i2.1746
[5] Yoga, P., Hafrizal, R., Inarah, F., Nasrullah., and Veronika, M. H, ,“Phytochemical Screening of Simpur Leaf (Dillenia indica L.) Ethanol Extract as an Initial Stage in Toxicity Testing”, Journal of Pharmacy West Kalimantan, vol. 3, no.1, 2015.
[6] Apu, A. S., Muhit, M. A., Tareq, S. M., Basak, D., and Islam, M. S ,“Isolation And Identification Of Compounds From The Leaf Extract of Dillenia indica Linn, Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal, vol.13, no.1, 49-53, 2010.
[7] Ambarwati, A., “The Effectiveness of Antibacteria Substances From Neem Seeds (Azadirachta indica) to Impede The Growth of Salmonella Typosa and Staphylococcus aureus, Biodiversity Journal of Biological Diversity, vol. 8, no. 4, 2007, doi: 10.13057/biodiv/d080415
[8] Anlysn, Eric., and Dougherty, D. ,“Modern Physical Organic Chemistry”, California, University Science Books Sausalito, 47-53, 2006.
[9] Dzakwan, M., Priyanto, W., & Ekowati, D., “Moringa Seed Oil Nanoencapsulation, Scientific Journal of Pharmacy Pharmacy, vol. 2, no. 2, 84-92, 2014, doi: 10.29313/jiff.v2i2.4660
[10] Aisyah, N., “Microencapsulation of Inferior Cocoa Polyphenol Extracts as Antioxidants and Antimicrobials, Thesis, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, University of Jember, 2016.
[11] Purbowati, I. S. M., “Nanoencapsulation of Rosella Flower (Hibiscus Sabdariffa) Petals Extract from Microwave Assisted Extraction as Antibacterial and Antioxidant Ingredients”, Doctoral Dissertation, Bogor Agricultural Institute, Indonesian, 2016.
[12] Ephrem, E., Greige-Gerges, H., Fessi, H., and Charcosset, C., “Optimization of Rosemary Oil Encapsulation in Polycaprolactone and Scale Up of The Process”, Journal of Microencapsulation, vol.31, no.18, 746-753, 2014, doi: 10.3109/02652048.2014.918669
[13] Jayanudin, J., Rochmadi, R., Renaldi, M. K., and Pangihutan, P., “Effect of Coating Materials on Efficiency of Red Ginger Oleoresin Encapsulation” Alchemy Journal of Chemical Research, vol.13, no.2, 275-287, 2017, doi: 10.20961/alchemy.13.2.5406.274-286
[14] Elfrida, J., “In Vitro Efficiency, Dissolution and Degradation Test of Ibuprofen Microencapsulation With Polyalloy Poly (Lactic Acid) and Polycaprolactone”, Thesis, Faculty of Math and Science, Depok, 2012.
[15] Wanda, P., Wibowo, M., and Destiarti, L., “Encapsulation and Stability Test of Papaya Leaf Methanol Extract (Carica papaya L.)”, Journal of Equatorial Chemistry, vol. 6, no. 1, 25-29, 2017.
[16] Rahmadani, F., “Antibacterial Activity Test of 96% Ethanol Extract of Javanese Bark (Lannea Coromandelica) Against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Helicobacter pylori, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria”, Thesis, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Indonesian Islamic University, Jakarta, 2015.
[17] Marselia, A., Wahdaningsih, S., and Nugraha, F., “Functional Group Analysis of Methanol Extract of Red Dragon Fruit Skin (Hylocereus polyrhizus) Using FTIR”, Journal of Pharmacy, vol. 5, no. 1, 2021.
[18] Djamaan, A., Noka, Y., and Suharty, N., “Use of Polycaprolactone Biopolymers as Matrix of Slow Release Herbicides 2,4-Diclophenoxy Acetic Acid”, Higea Journal of Pharmacy, vol. 5, no. 2, 98-115, 2013.
[19] Kemala, T., Sjahriza, A., and Komariah, S., “Emulsion and Ultrasonication in the Formation of Ibuprofen Nanoencapsulations Coated with Polyalloy (Lactic Acid) with Poly(ε-caprolactone)”, Journal of Material Science, vol. 12, no. 3, 2011, doi: 10.17146/jsmi.2011.12.3.4612
[20] He, J., Shi, H., Huang, S., Han, L., Zhang, W., and Zhong, Q., “Core Shell Nanoencapsulation of Tocopherol by Blending Sodium Oleate and Rebaudioside A: Preparation, Characterization, and Antioxidant Activity”, Journal Molecules, vol. 23, no.12, 3183, 2018, doi: 10.3390/molecules23123183
[21] Amyliana, N.A., and Agustini, R. , “Formulation and Characterization of Black Rice Yeast Nanoencapsulation With Sonication Method Using Poloxamer”, Journal of Chemistry, vol. 10, no. 2, 184-191, 2021, doi: 10.2991/aer.k.211215.065
[22] Khumaini, M.A., “Microencapsulation of Black Cumin (Nigella savita L.) Extract with Complex Coaservation Method”, Thesis, Alauddin State Islamic University, Makassar, 2017.
[23] Ningsih, N., Yasni, S., and Yuliani, S. , “Synthesis of Red Mangosteen Peel Extract Nanoparticles and Study of Functional Properties of Its Encapsulated Products”, Journal of Food Technology and Industry, vol. 28, vol. 1, 27-35, 2017, doi: 10.6066/jtip.2017.28.1.27
[24] Ningsih, S., “Formulation and Characterization of Nanocapsules from Parang Romang (Boehmeria virgata (Forst) Guill) Leaf Extract Based on Variations in Core and Coating Concentrations”, Journal of Pharmacy, vol. 1, no. 1, 38-44, 2013,doi:10.24252/jurfar.v1i1.2098
[25] Maimuna, M., and Royani, I. , “Preliminary Study of the Effect of Chloroform as a Solvent on the Extraction Process of Nano Caffeine Molecularly Imprinted Polymer (MIP)”, Journal of Physics, vol. 10, no. 1, 1-7, 2020, doi: 10.15294/jf.v10i1.23806
[26] Kamal, S.E., dan Tiara, D.L., “Antibacterial Activity Test of Pepino Fruit Extract (Solanum muricatum Ait) Against the Growth of Escherichia coli Bacteria”, Journal of Pharmacy Sandi Karsa, vol. 5, no.1, 15-18, 2019, doi: 10.36060/jfs.v5i1.35
[27] Rastina, R., Sudarwanto, M., and Wientarsih, I., “Antibacterial Activity of Curry Leaf Ethanol Extract (Murraya koenigii) Against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas Sp”, Indonesian Journal of Veterinary Medicine, vol. 9, no.2, 2015, doi: 10.21157/j.ked.hewan.v9i2.2842
[28] Fitriana, N., and Jayuska, A. , “Antibacterial Activity Ethanol Extract of Kandis Acid Fruit (Garcinia diociablume) Encapsulated by Maltodextrin”, Journal of Equatorial Chemistry, vol. 3, no. 1, 2014.
[29] Natasya, B., “Preparation of Nanoparticles from Ethanol Extract of Srikaya Leaves (Annona squamosa L.) and Antibacterial Activity Test Against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli”, Thesis, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Northern Sumatra, Medan, 2018.
[30] Kanai, T., Thirumoolan, D., Mohanram, R., Vetrivel, K., and Basha, K.A., “Antimicrobial Activity of Hyperbranched Polymers: Synthesis, Characterization, and Activity Assay Study”, Journal of Bioactive and Compatible Polymers, vol. 30, no. 2, 145-156, 2015, doi: 10.1177/0883911514565936
[31] Nair, A., Mallya, R., Suvarna, V., Khan, T.A., Momin, M., and Omri, A., “Nanoparticles Attractive Carriers of Antimicrobial Essential Oils. Journal Antibiotics, vol. 11, no. 108, 2022, doi: 10.3390/antibiotics11010108
[32] Nursin., Nurliana, L., Imran., and Musta, R., “Antibacterial Activity Test of Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella typhi from Microencapsulation Results of Rogo Essential Oil (Premna Serratifolia)” Journal of Chemistry Education, vol. 7, no. 2, 73-81, 2019, doi: 10.33394/hjkk.v7i2.1916
[33] Dwicahyani, T., Sumardianto, S., and Rianingsih, L., “Bioactivity Test of Rivet Sea Cucumber Extract (Holothuria atra) As Antibacterial Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli”, Journal of Fishery Products Processing and Biotechnology, vol. 7, no. 1, 15-24, 2018.
[34] Fitriah, F., Mappiratu, M., and Prismawiryanti, P., “Antibacterial Activity Test of Johar (Cassia siamea Lamk.) Leaf Extract from Several Polarity Levels of Covalent Solvents”, Journal of Chemical Research, vol. 3, no. 3, 242-251, 2017, doi: 10.22487/j24775398.2017.v3.i3.9333
[35] Rijayanti, R. P., “Antibacterial Activity Test of Ethanol Extract of Mango Bacang Leaves (Mangifera Foetida L.) Against Staphylococcus aureus In Vitro”, PSPD Student Journal, vol. 1, no. 1, 2014.
[36] Amalia, A., Sari, I., and Nursanty, R. , “Antibacterial Activity of Ethyl Acetate Extract of Sembung Leaves (Blumea balsamifera) Against the Growth of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Bacteria”, Proceedings of the National Seminar on Biotics, vol. 5, no.1, 2018.