Bureaucratic Foreign Policy Model in Handling Humanitarian Conflict in Myanmar: Comparison between Sosilo Bambang Yudhoyono and Joko Widodo
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Published:
Jun 30, 2023
Keywords:
Foreign Policy, Politics, Diplomacy, Bureauratic Model, Humanitarian Conflict, Myanmar
Main Article Content
Abstract
The humanitarian conflict in Myanmar, which has garnered worldwide attention due to its human rights violations and the resulting displacement of Rohingya people to neighbouring countries, including Indonesia. The conflict spanned two leadership periods: Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono (SBY) and Joko Widodo (Jokowi). However, there were notable differences in the foreign policies pursued by both leaders. The research aims to find out the differences in bureaucratic models between SBY and Jokowi that influenced their respective foreign policy approaches. The theoretical frameworks employed in this research include Graham T. Allison's theory of foreign policy formulation, the concept of bureaucracy put forth by Parkinson, and the notion of patrimonial bureaucracy. A descriptive qualitative approach was adopted for this research, utilizing a literature study method that drew from journals, articles, and other relevant sources. Data analysis was conducted in a descriptive and correlational manner to elucidate and explain the relationship between bureaucratic models and foreign policy decisions. The findings revealed disparities in the foreign policies pursued by Indonesia during the SBY and Jokowi administrations regarding the Rohingya conflict in Myanmar. These differences can be attributed, in part, to the variances in bureaucratic models adopted by the two leaders. SBY's leadership was characterized by a Parkinsonian bureaucracy, resulting in an outward-focused foreign policy approach. Conversely, Jokowi's leadership reflected a patrimonial bureaucracy, which tended to prioritize domestic concerns. However, it is important to note that bureaucratic models alone cannot serve as the sole basis for formulating foreign policy, as numerous other factors also exert influence.
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How to Cite
Anwar, V. A., & Zahidi, M. S. (2023). Bureaucratic Foreign Policy Model in Handling Humanitarian Conflict in Myanmar: Comparison between Sosilo Bambang Yudhoyono and Joko Widodo. Jurnal Studi Sosial Dan Politik, 7(1), 34-49. https://doi.org/10.19109/jssp.v7i1.14989
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How to Cite
Anwar, V. A., & Zahidi, M. S. (2023). Bureaucratic Foreign Policy Model in Handling Humanitarian Conflict in Myanmar: Comparison between Sosilo Bambang Yudhoyono and Joko Widodo. Jurnal Studi Sosial Dan Politik, 7(1), 34-49. https://doi.org/10.19109/jssp.v7i1.14989
References
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Anugrah, I. P. (2019). Othering the minority: Comparative Study of Papua Ethnic in Indonesia and Rohingnya Ethnic In Myanmar During Military Rule. Journal of Indonesian Social Sciences and Humanities, 9(1), 21–33.
Azis, M. A., Zahidi, M. S., & Pradhan, D. (2020). Synergising International Labour Laws and Human Rights for Protection of Indonesian Migrant Workers. Lampung Journal of International Law, 2(2), 109–120. https://doi.org/10.25041/lajil.v2i2.2036
Bisley, N. (2017). The East Asia summit and ASEAN: Potential and problems. Contemporary Southeast Asia: A Journal of International and Strategic Affairs, 39(2), 265–272.
Creswell, J. W., Hanson, W. E., Clark Plano, V. L., & Morales, A. (2007). Qualitative Research Designs: Selection and Implementation. The Counseling Psychologist, 35(2), 236–264. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000006287390
Faedlulloh, D., Yulianto, & Karmilasari, V. (2019). Reformasi Birokrasi di Periode Kedua: Mendorong Agenda Reformasi Struktural dan Pola Pikir. Jurnal Ilmu Administrasi Negara Universitas Lampung, 1–9. http://repository.lppm.unila.ac.id/id/eprint/15253
Gauchan, N., Hasanah, M., & Jaiwong, N. K. (2019). Dystopia is now : Digital authoritarianism and human rights in Asia. 269–285.
Heiduk, F. (2016). Indonesia in ASEAN: Regional Leadership between Ambition and Ambiguity. SWP Research Paper, 6, 1–38. www.swp-berlin.org
Huberman, M., & Miles, M. B. (2002). The qualitative researcher’s companion. SAGE Publications.
Kipgen, N. (2013). Conflict in Rakhine State in Myanmar: Rohingya Muslims’ Conundrum. Ournal of Muslim Minority Affairs, 33(2), 298–310. https://doi.org/10.1080/13602004.2013.810117
Kusuma, A. J., & Sitorus, F. E. M. (2019). Strategi Diplomasi Kemanusiaan Pemerintah Indonesia Dalam Kasus Krisis Kemanusiaan Yang Dialami Etnis Rohingya Di Myanmar Tahun 201. Jurnal Mandala Jurnal Ilmu Hubungan Internasional, 2(2), 151–168. https://doi.org/10.33822/mjihi.v2i2.1322
Kusuma, A. J., Firman, F., Harakan, A., Setiawan, M., Faedlulloh, D., & Ferdinan, K. J. (2021). Responding to the Humanitarian Crisis of the Rohingya in Myanmar: A Comparison between the Role of State and NGOs. Journal of Human Security, 17(1), 23–34. https://doi.org/10.12924/johs2021.17010023
Lee, R. (2014). Islam and Christian – Muslim Relations A Politician , Not an Icon : Aung San Suu Kyi ’ s Silence on Myanmar ’ s Muslim Rohingya. January 2015, 37–41. https://doi.org/10.1080/09596410.2014.913850
Mahmood, S. S., Wroe, E., Fuller, A., & Leaning, J. (2017). The Rohingya people of Myanmar : health , human rights , and identity. The Lancet, 389(10081), 1841–1850. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)00646-2
Matthew, G. (2020). Kepentingan Nasional Indonesia dan Diplomasi ala Indonesia Dalam Penyelesaian Konflik Rohingya. Jurnal Hubungan Internasional, 13(1), 75. https://doi.org/10.20473/jhi.v13i1.17655
Moenir, H. D., Afriani, A., Putri, A., Nanda, B. J., Permata, I. M., Jamilah, M., ... & Harza, Z. (2020). ROLE PLAY GAME: PENGABDIAN KEPADA MASYARAKAT MELALUI EDUKASI PENGAMBILAN KEPUTUSAN DALAM KEBIJAKAN LUAR NEGERI BAGI SISWA SMA DI KOTA PADANG. Buletin Ilmiah Nagari Membangun, 3(1), 38–53.
Mohajan, H. K. (2019). History of Rakhine State and the Origin of Rohingya Muslims. IKAT: The Indonesian Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, 2(2). https://doi.org/10.22146/ikat.v2i2.34182
Mohsi, A. (2019). Politik Luar Negeri Republik Indonesia Masa Lampau, Kini Dan Masa Depan : Suatu Tinjauan Dan Saran Kedepan. Jurnal Ilmu Budaya, 41(62), 7225–7243. http://journal.unas.ac.id/ilmu-budaya/article/view/655
O’Brien, M. (2020). The Rohingya crisis. Genocide and Victimology, 51–68. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429458675-5
Pamini, S. N., Othman, M. R., & Ghazali, A. S. (2013). The Rohingya refugee crisis and Bangladesh-Myanmar relations. Asian and Pacific Migration Journal, 22(1), 133–146. https://doi.org/10.1177/011719681302200107
Parnini, S. N. (2013). The Crisis of the Rohingya as a Muslim Minority in Myanmar and Bilateral Relations with Bangladesh. Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs, 33(2), 281–297. https://doi.org/10.1080/13602004.2013.826453
Pudjiastuti, T. N., & Wong, S. C. (2023). The Politics of Forced Migration in Southeast Asia. In In Migration in Southeast Asia: IMISCOE Regional Reader (pp. 217–232).
Ramadhani, Z., & Mabrurah, M. (2021). Pengaruh Prinsip Non-Intervensi ASEAN terhadap Upaya Negosiasi Indonesia Dalam Menangani Konflik Kudeta Myanmar. Global Political Studies Journal, 5(2), 126–143. https://doi.org/10.34010/gpsjournal.v5i2.5952
Rasyid, S., Prabandari, A. P., Daren, B. C., & Simanjuntak, C. (2022). The Role of Indonesian Diplomacy in Managing the Conflict between The Myanmar Government and The Rohingya Muslim Ethnic. Unnes Law Journal: Jurnal Hukum Universitas Negeri Semarang, 8(1).
Rosyidin, M., & Kusumawardhana, I. (2022). Berpartisipasi Demi Keuntungan: Bilateral-Multilateral Nexus dalam Politik Luar Negeri Indonesia di Era Joko Widodo (2014-2019). Politik Indonesia: Indonesian Political Science Review, 7(April), 11–34. https://doi.org/10.15294/ipsr.v7i1.30395
Rosyidin, M., & Dir, A. A. B. (2021). Why states do not impose sanctions: regional norms and Indonesia’s diplomatic approach towards Myanmar on the Rohingya issue. International Politics, 58(5), 738–756. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41311-020-00264-2
Roy Chowdhury, A. (2020). An ‘un-imagined community’: the entangled genealogy of an exclusivist nationalism in Myanmar and the Rohingya refugee crisis. Social Identities, 26(5), 590–607. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504630.2020.1782731
Sahana, M., & Jahangir, S. (2019). Forced migration and the expatriation of the Rohingya: A demographic assessment of their historical exclusions and statelessness. Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs, 39(1), 44–60. https://doi.org/10.1080/13602004.2019.1587952
Setiawan, A., & Hamka, H. (2020). Role of Indonesian Humanitarian Diplomacy toward Rohingya Crisis in Myanmar. June 2017. https://doi.org/10.4108/eai.5-11-2019.2292481
Shukri, S. (2021). THE ROHINGYA REFUGEE CRISIS IN SOUTHEAST ASIA : ASEAN ’ S ROLE AND WAY FORWARD. Journal of International Studies, 17, 239–263.
Smith, C. Q., & Williams, S. G. (2021). Why Indonesia adopted “quiet diplomacy” over R2P in the Rohingya crisis: The roles of islamic humanitarianism, civil-military relations, and ASEAN. Global Responsibility to Protect, 13(2–3), 158–185. https://doi.org/10.1163/1875-984X-13020004
Smith, S. (1980). Allison and the Cuban Missile Crisis: a review of the bureaucratic politics model of foreign policy decision-making. Millennium, 9(1), 21–40. https://doi.org/10.1177/03058298800090010301
Sugianto, S. (2019). Problematika Penegakan Hukum Dan Nawacita Jokowi-Jk Dalam Perspektif Hukum Tata Negara Di Indonesia. Yustitia, 5(1), 90–107. https://doi.org/10.31943/yustitia.v5i1.61
Sulaeman, F. H., & Tiara, N. S. (2021). Kebiasaan Baru Hubungan Internasional: Potensi Kebijakan Luar Negeri Joe Biden terhadap Ketahanan Nasional Bangsa Indonesia. Jurnal Lemhannas RI, 9(1), 151–166. https://doi.org/10.55960/jlri.v9i1.384
Sumantri, L. (2022). Reorientasi reformasi birokrasi dan good governance dalam penyelenggaraan sektor publik di Indonesia. PAPATUNG: Jurnal Ilmu Administrasi Publik, Pemerintahan Dan Politik, 5(2), 63–72.
Sundari, R., Prayuda, R., & Venita Sary, D. (2021). Upaya Diplomasi Pemerintah Indonesia Dalam Mediasi Konflik Kemanusiaan Di Myanmar. Jurnal Niara, 14(1), 177–187. https://doi.org/10.31849/niara.v14i1.6011
Susetyo, H., & Chambers, P. (2020a). Asian Affairs : An American Review Repatriation for Rohingya asylum seekers in Indonesia : a durable but almost impossible solution Repatriation for Rohingya asylum seekers in Indonesia : a durable but almost. Asian Affairs: An American Review, 0(0), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/00927678.2020.1833414
Susetyo, H., & Chambers, P. (2020b). Repatriation for Rohingya asylum seekers in Indonesia: a durable but almost impossible solution. Asian Affairs(UK), 48(1), 63–84. https://doi.org/10.1080/00927678.2020.1833414
Triwahyuni, S. N., Wira Perdana, F., Setiawan, B., Irwan, I., & Wibisono, Y. (2021). Implementasi Prinsip Kebijakan Luar Negeri Bebas Aktif dalam Diplomasi Mengatasi Konflik Rohingya. Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Sains, 2(12), 2118–2125. https://doi.org/10.36418/jiss.v2i12.481
Utari, S. M., & Wardhani, B. (2021). National Identity and Foreign Policy : Indonesia Million Friends Zero Enemy under Yudhoyono Regime. Proceedings of Airlangga Conference on International Relations (ACIR 2018)-Politics, Economy, and Security in Changing Indo-Pacific Region, 581–587. https://doi.org/10.5220/0010280600002309
Wahyudi, L. (2018). Politisasi Birokrasi Lokal dalam Pemilihan Kepala Daerah Secara Langsung. Paradigma, 7(3), 155–164.
Wahyuningrum, Y. (2021). A decade of institutionalizing human rights in ASEAN: Progress and challenges. Journal of Human Rights, 20(2), 158–175. https://doi.org/10.1080/14754835.2021.1875811
Wargi, S. (2021). Kebijakan Luar Negeri Indonesia Di Era Jokowi Melalui Diplomasi Ekonomi Dalam Upaya Untuk Menguasai Pasar Halal Dunia. Indonesian Journal of International Relations, 5(2), 320–341. https://doi.org/10.32787/ijir.v5i2.228
Widiatmaja, A., & Albab, U. (2019). Indonesia di Era Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono (SBY) dan Joko Widodo: Kebijakan Luar Negeri di Tengah Dinamika Lingkungan [Indonesia under Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono (SBY) and Joko Widodo: Foreign Policy in the Middle of Regional Strategic Environment Dynamics]. Jurnal Politica Dinamika Masalah Politik Dalam Negeri Dan Hubungan Internasional, 10(1), 77–93. https://doi.org/10.22212/jp.v10i1.1313
Wilson, J. H. (1972). Graham T. Allison. Essence of Decision: Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis.(Written under the auspices of the Faculty Seminar on Bureaucracy, Politics, and Policy of the Institute of Politics, John Fitzgerald Kennedy School of Government, Harvard Univers. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, July, 338.
Zahidi, M. S. (2020). Analisis Kebijakan Luar Negeri Vanuatu Dalam Mendukung ULMWP Untuk Memisahkan Diri Dari Indonesia. Jurnal Mandala Jurnal Ilmu Hubungan Internasional, 65–78. https://doi.org/10.33822/mjihi.v3i1.1786
Ziegler, S., & Shafira, A. D. (2018). Humanitarian Diplomacy: Strategy, Policy, Implementation. December 2018.
Ainurrofiq, I., & Kurniawan, M. T. A. (2022). Diplomasi Parlemen: Peran DPR-RI Dalam Menangani ISU Pelanggaran HAM Kaum Rohingya di Myanmar Tahun 2017-2018. Syntax Literate; Jurnal Ilmiah Indonesia, 7(11), 16108–16125.
Anugrah, I. P. (2019). Othering the minority: Comparative Study of Papua Ethnic in Indonesia and Rohingnya Ethnic In Myanmar During Military Rule. Journal of Indonesian Social Sciences and Humanities, 9(1), 21–33.
Azis, M. A., Zahidi, M. S., & Pradhan, D. (2020). Synergising International Labour Laws and Human Rights for Protection of Indonesian Migrant Workers. Lampung Journal of International Law, 2(2), 109–120. https://doi.org/10.25041/lajil.v2i2.2036
Bisley, N. (2017). The East Asia summit and ASEAN: Potential and problems. Contemporary Southeast Asia: A Journal of International and Strategic Affairs, 39(2), 265–272.
Creswell, J. W., Hanson, W. E., Clark Plano, V. L., & Morales, A. (2007). Qualitative Research Designs: Selection and Implementation. The Counseling Psychologist, 35(2), 236–264. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000006287390
Faedlulloh, D., Yulianto, & Karmilasari, V. (2019). Reformasi Birokrasi di Periode Kedua: Mendorong Agenda Reformasi Struktural dan Pola Pikir. Jurnal Ilmu Administrasi Negara Universitas Lampung, 1–9. http://repository.lppm.unila.ac.id/id/eprint/15253
Gauchan, N., Hasanah, M., & Jaiwong, N. K. (2019). Dystopia is now : Digital authoritarianism and human rights in Asia. 269–285.
Heiduk, F. (2016). Indonesia in ASEAN: Regional Leadership between Ambition and Ambiguity. SWP Research Paper, 6, 1–38. www.swp-berlin.org
Huberman, M., & Miles, M. B. (2002). The qualitative researcher’s companion. SAGE Publications.
Kipgen, N. (2013). Conflict in Rakhine State in Myanmar: Rohingya Muslims’ Conundrum. Ournal of Muslim Minority Affairs, 33(2), 298–310. https://doi.org/10.1080/13602004.2013.810117
Kusuma, A. J., & Sitorus, F. E. M. (2019). Strategi Diplomasi Kemanusiaan Pemerintah Indonesia Dalam Kasus Krisis Kemanusiaan Yang Dialami Etnis Rohingya Di Myanmar Tahun 201. Jurnal Mandala Jurnal Ilmu Hubungan Internasional, 2(2), 151–168. https://doi.org/10.33822/mjihi.v2i2.1322
Kusuma, A. J., Firman, F., Harakan, A., Setiawan, M., Faedlulloh, D., & Ferdinan, K. J. (2021). Responding to the Humanitarian Crisis of the Rohingya in Myanmar: A Comparison between the Role of State and NGOs. Journal of Human Security, 17(1), 23–34. https://doi.org/10.12924/johs2021.17010023
Lee, R. (2014). Islam and Christian – Muslim Relations A Politician , Not an Icon : Aung San Suu Kyi ’ s Silence on Myanmar ’ s Muslim Rohingya. January 2015, 37–41. https://doi.org/10.1080/09596410.2014.913850
Mahmood, S. S., Wroe, E., Fuller, A., & Leaning, J. (2017). The Rohingya people of Myanmar : health , human rights , and identity. The Lancet, 389(10081), 1841–1850. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)00646-2
Matthew, G. (2020). Kepentingan Nasional Indonesia dan Diplomasi ala Indonesia Dalam Penyelesaian Konflik Rohingya. Jurnal Hubungan Internasional, 13(1), 75. https://doi.org/10.20473/jhi.v13i1.17655
Moenir, H. D., Afriani, A., Putri, A., Nanda, B. J., Permata, I. M., Jamilah, M., ... & Harza, Z. (2020). ROLE PLAY GAME: PENGABDIAN KEPADA MASYARAKAT MELALUI EDUKASI PENGAMBILAN KEPUTUSAN DALAM KEBIJAKAN LUAR NEGERI BAGI SISWA SMA DI KOTA PADANG. Buletin Ilmiah Nagari Membangun, 3(1), 38–53.
Mohajan, H. K. (2019). History of Rakhine State and the Origin of Rohingya Muslims. IKAT: The Indonesian Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, 2(2). https://doi.org/10.22146/ikat.v2i2.34182
Mohsi, A. (2019). Politik Luar Negeri Republik Indonesia Masa Lampau, Kini Dan Masa Depan : Suatu Tinjauan Dan Saran Kedepan. Jurnal Ilmu Budaya, 41(62), 7225–7243. http://journal.unas.ac.id/ilmu-budaya/article/view/655
O’Brien, M. (2020). The Rohingya crisis. Genocide and Victimology, 51–68. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429458675-5
Pamini, S. N., Othman, M. R., & Ghazali, A. S. (2013). The Rohingya refugee crisis and Bangladesh-Myanmar relations. Asian and Pacific Migration Journal, 22(1), 133–146. https://doi.org/10.1177/011719681302200107
Parnini, S. N. (2013). The Crisis of the Rohingya as a Muslim Minority in Myanmar and Bilateral Relations with Bangladesh. Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs, 33(2), 281–297. https://doi.org/10.1080/13602004.2013.826453
Pudjiastuti, T. N., & Wong, S. C. (2023). The Politics of Forced Migration in Southeast Asia. In In Migration in Southeast Asia: IMISCOE Regional Reader (pp. 217–232).
Ramadhani, Z., & Mabrurah, M. (2021). Pengaruh Prinsip Non-Intervensi ASEAN terhadap Upaya Negosiasi Indonesia Dalam Menangani Konflik Kudeta Myanmar. Global Political Studies Journal, 5(2), 126–143. https://doi.org/10.34010/gpsjournal.v5i2.5952
Rasyid, S., Prabandari, A. P., Daren, B. C., & Simanjuntak, C. (2022). The Role of Indonesian Diplomacy in Managing the Conflict between The Myanmar Government and The Rohingya Muslim Ethnic. Unnes Law Journal: Jurnal Hukum Universitas Negeri Semarang, 8(1).
Rosyidin, M., & Kusumawardhana, I. (2022). Berpartisipasi Demi Keuntungan: Bilateral-Multilateral Nexus dalam Politik Luar Negeri Indonesia di Era Joko Widodo (2014-2019). Politik Indonesia: Indonesian Political Science Review, 7(April), 11–34. https://doi.org/10.15294/ipsr.v7i1.30395
Rosyidin, M., & Dir, A. A. B. (2021). Why states do not impose sanctions: regional norms and Indonesia’s diplomatic approach towards Myanmar on the Rohingya issue. International Politics, 58(5), 738–756. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41311-020-00264-2
Roy Chowdhury, A. (2020). An ‘un-imagined community’: the entangled genealogy of an exclusivist nationalism in Myanmar and the Rohingya refugee crisis. Social Identities, 26(5), 590–607. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504630.2020.1782731
Sahana, M., & Jahangir, S. (2019). Forced migration and the expatriation of the Rohingya: A demographic assessment of their historical exclusions and statelessness. Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs, 39(1), 44–60. https://doi.org/10.1080/13602004.2019.1587952
Setiawan, A., & Hamka, H. (2020). Role of Indonesian Humanitarian Diplomacy toward Rohingya Crisis in Myanmar. June 2017. https://doi.org/10.4108/eai.5-11-2019.2292481
Shukri, S. (2021). THE ROHINGYA REFUGEE CRISIS IN SOUTHEAST ASIA : ASEAN ’ S ROLE AND WAY FORWARD. Journal of International Studies, 17, 239–263.
Smith, C. Q., & Williams, S. G. (2021). Why Indonesia adopted “quiet diplomacy” over R2P in the Rohingya crisis: The roles of islamic humanitarianism, civil-military relations, and ASEAN. Global Responsibility to Protect, 13(2–3), 158–185. https://doi.org/10.1163/1875-984X-13020004
Smith, S. (1980). Allison and the Cuban Missile Crisis: a review of the bureaucratic politics model of foreign policy decision-making. Millennium, 9(1), 21–40. https://doi.org/10.1177/03058298800090010301
Sugianto, S. (2019). Problematika Penegakan Hukum Dan Nawacita Jokowi-Jk Dalam Perspektif Hukum Tata Negara Di Indonesia. Yustitia, 5(1), 90–107. https://doi.org/10.31943/yustitia.v5i1.61
Sulaeman, F. H., & Tiara, N. S. (2021). Kebiasaan Baru Hubungan Internasional: Potensi Kebijakan Luar Negeri Joe Biden terhadap Ketahanan Nasional Bangsa Indonesia. Jurnal Lemhannas RI, 9(1), 151–166. https://doi.org/10.55960/jlri.v9i1.384
Sumantri, L. (2022). Reorientasi reformasi birokrasi dan good governance dalam penyelenggaraan sektor publik di Indonesia. PAPATUNG: Jurnal Ilmu Administrasi Publik, Pemerintahan Dan Politik, 5(2), 63–72.
Sundari, R., Prayuda, R., & Venita Sary, D. (2021). Upaya Diplomasi Pemerintah Indonesia Dalam Mediasi Konflik Kemanusiaan Di Myanmar. Jurnal Niara, 14(1), 177–187. https://doi.org/10.31849/niara.v14i1.6011
Susetyo, H., & Chambers, P. (2020a). Asian Affairs : An American Review Repatriation for Rohingya asylum seekers in Indonesia : a durable but almost impossible solution Repatriation for Rohingya asylum seekers in Indonesia : a durable but almost. Asian Affairs: An American Review, 0(0), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/00927678.2020.1833414
Susetyo, H., & Chambers, P. (2020b). Repatriation for Rohingya asylum seekers in Indonesia: a durable but almost impossible solution. Asian Affairs(UK), 48(1), 63–84. https://doi.org/10.1080/00927678.2020.1833414
Triwahyuni, S. N., Wira Perdana, F., Setiawan, B., Irwan, I., & Wibisono, Y. (2021). Implementasi Prinsip Kebijakan Luar Negeri Bebas Aktif dalam Diplomasi Mengatasi Konflik Rohingya. Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Sains, 2(12), 2118–2125. https://doi.org/10.36418/jiss.v2i12.481
Utari, S. M., & Wardhani, B. (2021). National Identity and Foreign Policy : Indonesia Million Friends Zero Enemy under Yudhoyono Regime. Proceedings of Airlangga Conference on International Relations (ACIR 2018)-Politics, Economy, and Security in Changing Indo-Pacific Region, 581–587. https://doi.org/10.5220/0010280600002309
Wahyudi, L. (2018). Politisasi Birokrasi Lokal dalam Pemilihan Kepala Daerah Secara Langsung. Paradigma, 7(3), 155–164.
Wahyuningrum, Y. (2021). A decade of institutionalizing human rights in ASEAN: Progress and challenges. Journal of Human Rights, 20(2), 158–175. https://doi.org/10.1080/14754835.2021.1875811
Wargi, S. (2021). Kebijakan Luar Negeri Indonesia Di Era Jokowi Melalui Diplomasi Ekonomi Dalam Upaya Untuk Menguasai Pasar Halal Dunia. Indonesian Journal of International Relations, 5(2), 320–341. https://doi.org/10.32787/ijir.v5i2.228
Widiatmaja, A., & Albab, U. (2019). Indonesia di Era Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono (SBY) dan Joko Widodo: Kebijakan Luar Negeri di Tengah Dinamika Lingkungan [Indonesia under Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono (SBY) and Joko Widodo: Foreign Policy in the Middle of Regional Strategic Environment Dynamics]. Jurnal Politica Dinamika Masalah Politik Dalam Negeri Dan Hubungan Internasional, 10(1), 77–93. https://doi.org/10.22212/jp.v10i1.1313
Wilson, J. H. (1972). Graham T. Allison. Essence of Decision: Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis.(Written under the auspices of the Faculty Seminar on Bureaucracy, Politics, and Policy of the Institute of Politics, John Fitzgerald Kennedy School of Government, Harvard Univers. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, July, 338.
Zahidi, M. S. (2020). Analisis Kebijakan Luar Negeri Vanuatu Dalam Mendukung ULMWP Untuk Memisahkan Diri Dari Indonesia. Jurnal Mandala Jurnal Ilmu Hubungan Internasional, 65–78. https://doi.org/10.33822/mjihi.v3i1.1786
Ziegler, S., & Shafira, A. D. (2018). Humanitarian Diplomacy: Strategy, Policy, Implementation. December 2018.