Maintaining Indonesian Citizenship: Community Nationalism in Gun Tembawang, West Kalimantan Border in 2022
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Published:
Jun 30, 2023
Keywords:
Keywords: Community, Nationalism, Government
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Abstract
The integrity of the state is determined by the strength of nationalism among the inhabitants of the country, and it is also one of the most important things to protect a country.. Nationalism is implemented according to the ideological values of Pancasila that the Indonesian people adhere to. Nationalism in the government is very important to provide policies and regulations and rules for the welfare of society. This interrelational relationship created by nationalism makes it difficult for all parties involved, namely the government and society, to let go of this nationalism. However, this is not seen in Gun Tembawang Hamlet, which is evident from the problems of the peripheral community of Gun Tembawang Hamlet in understanding the concept of nation and applying it in daily life. In this case, the issue of the transfer of citizenship (Gun Tembawang Hamlet) naturally raises the question of why they did it. Why about ±35 family members in Gun Tembawang Hamlet renounced their Indonesian citizenship in favor of Malaysian citizenship, even though they had a history as villagers in Indonesian territory. However, looking further afield, there is economic inequality in Gun Tembawang Hamlet (periphery) which is closely related to the social gap between the center and the periphery. Such a wide gap leads to rebellion by marginalized communities. However, there is something interesting amidst the problem of Malaysian charm and development gap, it turns out that in Gun Tembawang Hamlet, there are still ± 30 heads of families from peripheral communities who retain their Indonesian citizenship. Why these people maintain their Indonesian citizenship regardless of Malaysian charm compared to Indonesia, where the state (Indonesia) does not provide adequate development to meet the development needs of the periphery areas. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to understand nationalism and the activities of peripheral societies, which are often in conflict with the national spirit developed by the state. Specifically, to explain and identify the reasons why the community of Gun Tembawang Hamlet maintains their Indonesian citizenship despite the country not providing adequate development to meet the development needs of the periphery areas. This study also aims to find out about the nationalism of the peripheral society and the economic conditions and situations they face against the attractiveness of Malaysia compared to that of Indonesia. Descriptive research is used as a research method using data sources from books, magazines, websites and interviews. In this study, the author uses Ernest Gellner's theory of Nationalism and Modernisation.
Article Details
How to Cite
Jumiati, J., & Hidayat, S. (2023). Maintaining Indonesian Citizenship: Community Nationalism in Gun Tembawang, West Kalimantan Border in 2022. Jurnal Studi Sosial Dan Politik, 7(1), 16-33. https://doi.org/10.19109/jssp.v7i1.15684
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How to Cite
Jumiati, J., & Hidayat, S. (2023). Maintaining Indonesian Citizenship: Community Nationalism in Gun Tembawang, West Kalimantan Border in 2022. Jurnal Studi Sosial Dan Politik, 7(1), 16-33. https://doi.org/10.19109/jssp.v7i1.15684
References
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Balibar, Etienne and Erin M. Williams. 2002. World Borders, Political Borders. Modern Language Association. Vol. 117, No. 1 (pp. 71-78)
Castro, Fernando I. Salmeron. 1994. Border People: Life and Society in the U.S.Mexico Borderlands. The Latin American Anthropology Review. Vol. 6. No. 1
Conversi, Daniele. 1994. Language, Immigration and Nationalism: Comparing the Basque and Catalan Cases. Thesis submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the University of London
Carment, David B. 2021. Review. Democracy, Ethnic Diversity, and Security in Post-Communist Europe by Anita Inder Singh. American Political Science Association. Perspectives on Politics. Vol. 1. No. 2. Pp. 466-467
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Dedees. Adek Risma. 2015. Malays On Three Flags: The Construction Of A Border Society's Nationalistic Identity In The Batam Islands. Vol.19, No.2
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Johannes, A. (2019). Handling social problems in the border area district Sanggau. Journal Of Governmental Science Equatorial Voices, 4(2), 50-61.
Kristof, Ladis K.D. 1959. The Nature of frontiers and Boundaries, Annals of the Association of American Geographers. Taylor and Francis. Ltd. Vol. 49, No.3, (part1), (pp.269-282)
Kotta, Ridjal J, Faissal Malik and Arisa Murni Rada. 2019. The policy of structuring the outer islands in North Maluku province in order to maintain the integrity of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia. Khairun University. Ganesha Law Review.Vol.1
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Interview
DRS. Alexander Rombonang, head of the Border Management Agency (BPPD) of West Kalimantan province, September 21, 2022 at the Pontianak BPPD office
Yulianus Gatot, head of gun Tembawang Hamlet, September 14, 2022 at the head of the hamlet's House
Maria Helena Muni, gun Tembawang Hamlet Community, September 15, 2022 at the village head's House
Yuliana Kenen, gun Tembawang Hamlet community, September 14, 2022 at the hamlet head's House
Pius Bande, farmer in Gun Tembawang Hamlet, September 14, 2022 at the hamlet head's House
Amonius, S.Pd, honorary Teacher of grades 1-3 in Gun Tembawang Hamlet, September 14, 2022 at the head of the hamlet's House and also at school
Toni Kristian, Village Head Told Tembawang. September 16, 2022 at the coffee shop
Kosmas Yul, Entikong Sub-District Head, September 22, 2022 at Entikong sub-district office
Documents
Bps Sanggau Regency. 2021. Entikong Sub-District In Figures 2021. PD. Central Bureau Of Statistics Of Sanggau Regency.
Bps Sanggau Regency. 2022. Sanggau Regency In Figures 2022. Central Bureau Of Statistics Of Sanggau Regency.
BPS West Kalimantan province. 2021. Statistics of foreign tourist visits to West Kalimantan 2021. P Central Bureau Of Statistics Of West Kalimantan Province
Bps Sanggau Regency. 2022. Entikong Sub-District In Numbers 2022. The Central Bureau Of Statistics Of West Kalimantan Province
Department Of Population And Civil Registration Of Sanggau Regency. 2021. Population Aggregate Data Of Sanggau Regency. First Semester Of 2021.
Department Of Population And Civil Registration Of Sanggau Regency. 2021. Population Aggregate Data Of Sanggau Regency. Second Semester Of 2021.
Department Of Population And Civil Registration Of Sanggau Regency. 2021. Profile Of Population Development Of Sanggau Regency 2021.
Policy
Regional Medium Term Development Plan (RPJMD) Sanggau Regency 2019-2024
Anderson, Benedict. 1983. Imagined communities: Reflections on the origin and spread of nationalism. London: Verso.
Anderson, Benedict. 2001. Imagined communities:Imagined Communities, Incis, Yogyakarta. (P.8-11)
Anthony D Smith “” nationalism " Polity Press, Cambridge UK, 2010.
Andriana, Nina. et al. 2017. The relation of nationalism and contemporary Globalization, a conceptual study. Student Library, Yogyakarta.
Ardhanan, I Ketut. 2007. Ethnic dynamics and economic relations in the border region in East Kalimantan - Sabah, a case study in the Krayan and Long Pasia regions. Jakarata; Regional Resource Research Center Of Indonesian Institute Of Sciences. Page 1.
Breuilly, John.1994. Nationalism and the State. The University of Chicago Press
Bryant and White. 1987. Development management for developing countries. Jakarta. LP3ES (P. 1-19)
Creswell, J. W. (2017). Research Design:. (A. Fawaid, & R. K. Pancasari, Penjerj.) Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar. (P.254-255)
Coleman, James J and Carl G. Rosberg. 1964. Political Parties and National Integration in Tropical Africa. University of California press, Berkeley, Los Angeles.
Deutsch, Karl W. 1996. Nationalism and Social Communication: an Inquiry into the Foundation of Nationality. Cambridge
Firmanzah. 2007. Globalization: A Systemic Dialectical Process, Sad Satria Bhakti Foundation, Jakarta. (P. 21-23)
Gellner, Ernest. 1983. Nations and Nationalism, (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1983)
Giner, Salvador.1976. Mass Society. London: Martin Robertson
Giddens, Anthony. 1981. A contemporary Critique of Historical Materialism. Vol.1, Power, Property and the State. Berkeley and Los Angeles. University of California Press. (P. 30)
Haryaningsih, Sri and Ira Patriani. 2019. Implementation Of Bank Indonesia Regulation Number 17/3/Pbi / 2015 On Mandatory Use Of Rupiah In Border Areas (Gun Tembawang Hamlet, Tembawang Village, Entikong District, Sanggau Regency, West Kalimantan Province). Kepel Press, Yogyakarta. (P.2)
Huntington, Samuel P. 1968. Political Order in Changing Societies. Yale University.
Hechter, Michael. 2001. Containing Nationalism. New York: Oxford University Press.
Hechter, Michael, Tuna Kuyucu, and Audrey Sacks. 2006. Nationalism and Diret Rule. University of Washington Seattle, Washington. published in Gerard Delanty and Krishan Kumar, eds., Handbook of Nations and Nationalism. London: Sage Publications
Hamdi, Muchlis. 2003. Border region Management, border Magazine, December 2002 sanpai January 2003. pp. 36.
Jamaluddin, Adon Nasrullah. 2016. Sociology Of Development. Cv Pustaka Setia, Bandung. (P. 6-99)
Kornhauser, William.1960. The Politics of Mass Society. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul
Kellas, James G. 1998. The politics of Nationalism and Ethnicity. Maccmilan Press Ltd (P.3-9)
Mantra, Ida Bagoes. 2007. General Demographics. Student Library, Yogyakarta. (P. 187)
Moodie, A.E. 1963, Geography Behind Politics, Chinsoun University Library, London.
Moleong, Lexy J. 2007. Qualitative research methodology, PT Remaja Rosdakarya Offset. Bandung. (hl.186)
Mas'oed, Mohtar. 1994. Politics, bureaucracy, and development. Student Library, Yogyakarta. hal.138
Nieuwenhuis, Anton W. 1994. In The Interior Of Borneo (Journey From Pontianak To Samarinda 1894). Gramedia Pustaka Utama, Jakarta, 1994.
Warriper Umut. 2010. Theories of nationalism. Second edition. Palgrave macmillan, New york
Ricklefs, M.C. 2005. History Of Modern Indonesia 1200-2004. Serambi, Jakarta. hal.319
Smith, Anthony.D. 1998. Nationalists and Modernism; a critical survey of recent theories of nation and nationalism. Routledge, New York.
Smith, Anthony D .” Nationalism " Polity Press, Cambridge UK, 2010.
Smith, Anthony D. 2003. Nationalism; Theory, History, Ideology. Erlangga, Jakarta (P. 6). And John Breuilly in Anthony D Smith (P.93)
Tirtosudarmo, Riwanto. 2005. Political demographics of West Kalimantan as a border region, in from Entikong to Nunukan: dynamics of the Kalimantan-East Malaysia border region (Sarawak and Sabah). Jakarta:Pustaka Sinar Harapan
Tirtosudarmo, Riwanto. 2002. On borders and Border Studies; An Introduction, Indonesian Anthropology 67. In Adirini Pujayanti, the Indonesian border in a political perspective, three main sons, Jakarta.2004.pp. 74.
Zimmer, Oliver. 2003. Nationalism in Europe (1890-1940). Hampshire, Palgrave Macmillan
Journal
AbRam, James. et al. 2017. The Construction of Marginality of Border Areas: A Case Study of Natuna Islands in Indonesia. International Journal. Vol.10. No.9 (pp.71-84)
Andriana, Nina. 2015. The Existence Of Nationhood And The Embodiment Of Indonesianism In The Indoneisa-Malaysia Land Border Region: The Case Of West Kalimantan. Journal Of Political Research. Vol.12, No.1
Balibar, Etienne and Erin M. Williams. 2002. World Borders, Political Borders. Modern Language Association. Vol. 117, No. 1 (pp. 71-78)
Castro, Fernando I. Salmeron. 1994. Border People: Life and Society in the U.S.Mexico Borderlands. The Latin American Anthropology Review. Vol. 6. No. 1
Conversi, Daniele. 1994. Language, Immigration and Nationalism: Comparing the Basque and Catalan Cases. Thesis submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the University of London
Carment, David B. 2021. Review. Democracy, Ethnic Diversity, and Security in Post-Communist Europe by Anita Inder Singh. American Political Science Association. Perspectives on Politics. Vol. 1. No. 2. Pp. 466-467
Diaz-Briquets, Sergio. 1987. Reviewed: Political and Economic Migrants in America: Cubans and Mexicans by Sylvia Pedraza-Bailey. Theory and Society. Vol. 16. No.4 (pp.636-640)
Dedees. Adek Risma. 2015. Malays On Three Flags: The Construction Of A Border Society's Nationalistic Identity In The Batam Islands. Vol.19, No.2
Dwiyanto, Very., Dyah Indriana, and Dawn Tugiono. 2016. Analysis of micro hydro power plant (PLTMH), Case Study; Anak Hulu Sungai Way Besai River). Vol.4, no.3 p. 407
Eckstein, Harry. 1965. On the Etiology of Internal Wars. History and Theory. Vol 4. No. 2 (pp. 133-163)
Flynn, Donna K. 1997. “We Are the Border”: Identity, Exchange, and the State along the Benin-Nigeria Border. Wiley on behalf of the American Anthropological Association. Vol. 24, No.2 (pp. 311-330)
Fong, Brian C. H. 2017. One Country, Two Nationalisms: Center-Periphery Relations between Mainland China and Hong Kong, 1997-2016. Sage Publications, Inc.Vol. 43. No.5 pp. 523-556
Holt, Robert T and John E. Turner. 1975. Reviewed: Crises and Sequences in Political Development by Leonard Binder, James S. Coleman, Joseph Lapalombra, Lucian W. Pye, Sidney Verba and Myron Weiner. The American Political Science Review. Vol. 69. No.3 (pp. 979-994)
Imran. 2018. Motivation Parents Send Children To School In Malaysia (Study In Kencana District Border Indonesia Malaysia). Vol. 2, ISSN: 2685-1407
Johannes, A. (2019). Handling social problems in the border area district Sanggau. Journal Of Governmental Science Equatorial Voices, 4(2), 50-61.
Kristof, Ladis K.D. 1959. The Nature of frontiers and Boundaries, Annals of the Association of American Geographers. Taylor and Francis. Ltd. Vol. 49, No.3, (part1), (pp.269-282)
Kotta, Ridjal J, Faissal Malik and Arisa Murni Rada. 2019. The policy of structuring the outer islands in North Maluku province in order to maintain the integrity of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia. Khairun University. Ganesha Law Review.Vol.1
Kokot, Waltraud. 2018. Culture and space; an anthropological approach. (translator: I Wayan Suyadnya). Journal Of Socio-Cultural Space Studies. 1(2):161-171. DOI:10.21776 / ub.sociology.jkrsb.2018.001.2.04
Lagarda, Alejandro Mungaray and Patricia Moctezuma Mungaray. 1984. La Disputa Del Mercado Fronterizo 1960-1983. Universidad Aut ⑵moma de Baja California. Studios Fronterizos. Vol. I. No. 3 (pp. 89-111)
Mikus, Werner. 1985. Sistemas Industriales Y Cambio En Las Economias Environtment De Regiones Fronterizas: Comparaciones Transculturales. Universidad de Heidelberg. Studios Fronterizos. Vol. III. No.7-8 (pp.105-127)
Mansyah. Agus. 2017. Nationalism of Indonesian people on the border and the impact on state sovereignty (study in Sanggau Regency, West Kalimantan). Journal Of Asymmetric Warfare. Vol. 3, No.3
Matthews, Wade. 2008. Class, Nation, and Capitalist Globalization: Eric Hobsbawm and the National Question. International Review of Social History. Vol. 53. No.1. pp. 63-99
Mumtaz, Soofia. 1996. Reviews. Paul R. Brass. Ethnicity And Nationalism: Theory And Comparison. Pakistan Institute of Development Economics. Vol. 35. No.1
Marihandono, Djoko. 2010. The Border Region Of West Kalimantan: Historical Sources And Problems. Journal Of Cultural Studies.
Mohammed. Simela Victor. 2011. The Indonesia-Malaysia Border Issue. International Relations. Vol.III, No.20 / II/P3DI / October/2011
Marzuki, M. Laica. 2010. Constitution and constitutionalism. Journal Of The Constitution, Volume 7, No.4. (001-008)
Nurlela. 2018. The perception of the border community about Nationalism (A Study on public acceptance of foreign products in Aji Kuning Village, Central Sebatik, Nunukan Regency). UIN Alauddin Makassar
Nodelman, Uri. 2020. Nationalism. Stanford Encyclopedia Of Philosophy. The Published: The Metaphysics Research Lab. al-Khattab https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/nationalism/)
Niebuhr, A and Stiller, S. 2001. Integration Effect in Border Regions-a Survey of Economic Theory and Empirical Studies. HWWA Discussion Paper. Hamburg.
Olson, Fountain, Jr. 1963. Rapaid Growth as a Destabilizing Force. The Journal of Economic History. Vol, 23. No. 4 (pp. 529-552)
Prianto, Eko Yuli. Et al. 2021. Regional Physical Review of 2021. Ministry Of Finance. Midwives Budget Implementation Development (PPA) II. Regional Office Of The Directorate General Of Treasury Of West Kalimantan Province.
Rodrigues-Pose, Andres and Nicholas Gill. 2003. The Global trend Towards Devolution and its Implications. Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy. Vol. 21. No. 3 (pp. 333-351)
Ruiz, Olivia. 1990. Reviewed: troubled Border by Oscar J. The Border: Life on the Line by Douglas Kent Hall. Journal of the Southwest. Vol. 32. No.1 (pp. 68-74)
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Web
Ardiansyah, Slamet and Teguh. 2018. Antaranews.com. accessed via: https://www.antaranews.com/berita/765444/banyak-warga-desa-gun-tembawang-jadi-wn-malaysia
July, Peter. 2021. Tembawang As The Identity Of The Dayak Indigenous People. SMAS Panca Setya Sintang. Retrieved October 4, 2022. Accessed through: https://smaspancasetyastgkalbar.sch.id/2021/08/08/tembawang-sebagai-identitas-diri-masyarakat-adat-suku-dayak/
Interview
DRS. Alexander Rombonang, head of the Border Management Agency (BPPD) of West Kalimantan province, September 21, 2022 at the Pontianak BPPD office
Yulianus Gatot, head of gun Tembawang Hamlet, September 14, 2022 at the head of the hamlet's House
Maria Helena Muni, gun Tembawang Hamlet Community, September 15, 2022 at the village head's House
Yuliana Kenen, gun Tembawang Hamlet community, September 14, 2022 at the hamlet head's House
Pius Bande, farmer in Gun Tembawang Hamlet, September 14, 2022 at the hamlet head's House
Amonius, S.Pd, honorary Teacher of grades 1-3 in Gun Tembawang Hamlet, September 14, 2022 at the head of the hamlet's House and also at school
Toni Kristian, Village Head Told Tembawang. September 16, 2022 at the coffee shop
Kosmas Yul, Entikong Sub-District Head, September 22, 2022 at Entikong sub-district office
Documents
Bps Sanggau Regency. 2021. Entikong Sub-District In Figures 2021. PD. Central Bureau Of Statistics Of Sanggau Regency.
Bps Sanggau Regency. 2022. Sanggau Regency In Figures 2022. Central Bureau Of Statistics Of Sanggau Regency.
BPS West Kalimantan province. 2021. Statistics of foreign tourist visits to West Kalimantan 2021. P Central Bureau Of Statistics Of West Kalimantan Province
Bps Sanggau Regency. 2022. Entikong Sub-District In Numbers 2022. The Central Bureau Of Statistics Of West Kalimantan Province
Department Of Population And Civil Registration Of Sanggau Regency. 2021. Population Aggregate Data Of Sanggau Regency. First Semester Of 2021.
Department Of Population And Civil Registration Of Sanggau Regency. 2021. Population Aggregate Data Of Sanggau Regency. Second Semester Of 2021.
Department Of Population And Civil Registration Of Sanggau Regency. 2021. Profile Of Population Development Of Sanggau Regency 2021.
Policy
Regional Medium Term Development Plan (RPJMD) Sanggau Regency 2019-2024