MINDFULNESS AND MIND-WANDERING IN PRAYER: A MIXED METHODS STUDY OF THE ROLE OF SPIRITUALITY AND RELIGIOSITY IN ISLAMIC PREACHERS
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Published:
Jun 8, 2023
Keywords:
mindfulness, mind-wandering, shalat
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Abstract
Prayer is a subjective experience that requires solemnity, by seeking a state of mindfulness and minimizing the state of mind wandering so that the prayer is done optimally. This study aims to explore the role of spirituality and religiosity to increase mindfulness and minimize mind-wandering in prayer activities, in Islamic preachers. Analysis was conducted through mixed method explanatory sequential analysis, using quantitative data with Multiple linear regression and qualitative data with Thematic analysis. Qualitative data (n = 3) was used to explore the experience of the meaning of mindfulness and mind-wandering conditions during prayer which was tested using quantitative data (n = 66). The quantitative analysis showed that mindfulness was negatively correlated with mind-wandering in prayer and that religious salience predicted mindfulness. Meanwhile, the experience of mind-wandering in prayer can be explained more qualitatively. There are 3 major themes regarding the experience of mindfulness and mind-wandering as well as the role of spirituality and religiosity in Islamic preachers, namely 1) solemn conditions, consisting of the involvement of a) mental representation, b) mental dialogue, c) expectation, d) control of consciousness, e) appreciation of life experience, and f) feeling comfortable and full of enjoyment, 2) mind-wandering distraction, which consists of the presence of a) worldly ambitions and b) perceptual distraction, and 3) spiritual atmosphere conditioning, consisting of a) preparation of prayer pillars, b) self-preparation, and c) asking for protection.
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MINDFULNESS AND MIND-WANDERING IN PRAYER: A MIXED METHODS STUDY OF THE ROLE OF SPIRITUALITY AND RELIGIOSITY IN ISLAMIC PREACHERS. (2023). Psikis : Jurnal Psikologi Islami, 9(1), 122-136. https://doi.org/10.19109/psikis.v9i1.11314
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Psikis: Jurnal Psikologi Islami by http://jurnal.radenfatah.ac.id/index.php/psikis is licensed under a Lisensi Creative Commons Atribusi-BerbagiSerupa 4.0 Internasional.
How to Cite
MINDFULNESS AND MIND-WANDERING IN PRAYER: A MIXED METHODS STUDY OF THE ROLE OF SPIRITUALITY AND RELIGIOSITY IN ISLAMIC PREACHERS. (2023). Psikis : Jurnal Psikologi Islami, 9(1), 122-136. https://doi.org/10.19109/psikis.v9i1.11314
References
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Kabat-Zinn, J. (2015). Mindfulness. Mindfulness, 6(6), 1481–1483. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-015-0456-x
Kam, J. W. Y., Dao, E., Stanciulescu, M., Tildesley, H., & Handy, T. C. (2013). Mind wandering and the adaptive control of attentional resources. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 25(6), 952–960. https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00375
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Killingsworth, M. (2011). A wandering mind is an unhappy mind. PsycEXTRA Dataset. https://doi.org/10.1037/e634112013-170
Kohls, N., Sauer, S., Offenbächer, M., & Giordano, J. (2011). Spirituality: An overlooked predictor of placebo effects? Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 366(1572), 1838–1848. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2010.0389
Komariah, M., Hatthakit, U., & Boonyoung, N. (2020). Impact of Islam-based caring intervention on spiritual well-being in Muslim women with breast cancer undergoing chemotherapy. Religions, 11(7), 361. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel11070361
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Muslim population by country 2021. (n.d.). Retrieved June 23, 2021, from https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/muslim-population-by-country
Osama, M., & Malik, R. J. (2019). Salat (Muslim prayer) as a therapeutic exercise.
Ramdhani, N. (2012). Adaptasi Bahasa dan Budaya Inventori Big Five. Jurnal Psikologi, 39(2), 189–207.
Romadhon, Y. A. (2019). Pengembangan alat ukur khusyuk sholat dalam kaitan pengaruh positifnya bagi kesehatan. Magna Medica: Berkala Ilmiah Kedokteran dan Kesehatan, 6(1), 88. https://doi.org/10.26714/magnamed.6.1.2019.88-98
Salih, Y. (2007). The effects of prayer on Muslim patients’ well-being.
Sari, L. M. (2018). Khusyuk Dalam Al-Qur’an (Kajian Tematik). Nun, 4(2).
Saroglou, V. (2002). Religion and the five factors of personality: A meta-analytic review. Personality and Individual Differences, 32(1), 15–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0191-8869(00)00233-6
Seli, P., Risko, E. F., Smilek, D., & Schacter, D. L. (2016). Mind-Wandering with and without intention. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 20(8), 605–617. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2016.05.010
Siegel, K., Anderman, S. J., & Schrimshaw, E. W. (2001). Religion and coping with health-related stress. Psychology & Health, 16(6), 631–653. https://doi.org/10.1080/08870440108405864
Thomas, J., Furber, S. W., & Grey, I. (2017). The rise of mindfulness and its resonance with the Islamic tradition. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 20(10), 973–985. https://doi.org/10.1080/13674676.2017.1412410
Walker, A. R. (2020). “God is my doctor”: Mindfulness meditation/prayer as a spiritual well-being coping strategy for Jamaican school principals to manage their work-related stress and anxiety. Journal of Educational Administration, 58(4), 467–480. https://doi.org/10.1108/jea-06-2019-0097
Albatnuni, M., & Koszycki, D. (2020). Prayer and well-being in Muslim Canadians: Exploring the mediating role of spirituality, mindfulness, optimism, and social support. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 23(10), 912–927. https://doi.org/10.1080/13674676.2020.1844175
Carciofo, R., Song, N., Du, F., Wang, M. M., & Zhang, K. (2017). Metacognitive beliefs mediate the relationship between mind wandering and negative affect. Personality and Individual Differences, 107, 78–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.11.033
Carriere, J. S. A., Seli, P., & Smilek, D. (2013). Wandering in both mind and body: Individual differences in mind wandering and inattention predict fidgeting. Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology/Revue Canadienne de Psychologie Expérimentale, 67(1), 19–31. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0031438
Castro-Alonso, J. C., Ayres, P., & Sweller, J. (2019a). Instructional visualizations, cognitive load theory, and visuospatial processing. In Visuospatial Processing for Education in Health and Natural Sciences (pp. 111–143). Springer International Publishing. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20969-8_5
Castro-Alonso, J. C., Ayres, P., & Sweller, J. (2019b). Instructional visualizations, cognitive load theory, and visuospatial processing. In Visuospatial Processing for Education in Health and Natural Sciences (pp. 111–143). Springer International Publishing. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20969-8_5
Cheong, P. H. (2011). Religious leaders, mediated authority, and social change. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 39(4), 452–454. https://doi.org/10.1080/00909882.2011.577085
Christoff, K., Irving, Z. C., Fox, K. C. R., Spreng, R. N., & Andrews-Hanna, J. R. (2016). Mind-wandering as spontaneous thought: A dynamic framework. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 17(11), 718–731. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn.2016.113
Creswell, J. D. (2017). Mindfulness interventions. Annual Review of Psychology, 68(1), 491–516. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-042716-051139
Creswell, J. W., & Clark, V. L. P. (2017). Designing and conducting mixed methods research. SAGE Publications.
Fisher, J. (2016). Selecting the best version of SHALOM to assess spiritual well-being. Religions, 7(5), 45. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel7050045
Fortuin, N. P. M., Schilderman, J. B. A. M., & Venbrux, E. (2018). Religion and fear of death among older Dutch adults. Journal of Religion, Spirituality & Aging, 31(3), 236–254. https://doi.org/10.1080/15528030.2018.1446068
Golchert, J., Smallwood, J., Jefferies, E., Seli, P., Huntenburg, J. M., Liem, F., Lauckner, M. E., Oligschläger, S., Bernhardt, B. C., Villringer, A., Margulies, D. S. (2017). Individual variation in intentionality in the mind-wandering state is reflected in the integration of the default-mode, fronto-parietal, and limbic networks. NeuroImage, 146(1), 226–235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.11.025
Ibaceta, M., & Madrid, H. P. (2021a). Personality and mind-wandering self-perception: The role of meta-awareness. Frontiers in Psychology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.581129
Ibaceta, M., & Madrid, H. P. (2021b). Personality and mind-wandering self-perception: The role of meta-awareness. Frontiers in Psychology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.581129
Ijaz, S., Khalily, M. T., & Ahmad, I. (2017). Mindfulness in Salah Prayer and its Association with Mental Health. Journal of Religion and Health, 56(6), 2297–2307. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-017-0413-1
Jensen, L. A. (2021). The cultural psychology of religiosity, spirituality, and secularism in adolescence. Adolescent Research Review. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40894-020-00143-0
Jong, J., Ross, R., Philip, T., Chang, S.-H., Simons, N., & Halberstadt, J. (2017a). The religious correlates of death anxiety: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Religion, Brain & Behavior, 8(1), 4–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/2153599x.2016.1238844
Jong, J., Ross, R., Philip, T., Chang, S.-H., Simons, N., & Halberstadt, J. (2017b). The religious correlates of death anxiety: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Religion, Brain & Behavior, 8(1), 4–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/2153599x.2016.1238844
Kabat-Zinn, J. (2015). Mindfulness. Mindfulness, 6(6), 1481–1483. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-015-0456-x
Kam, J. W. Y., Dao, E., Stanciulescu, M., Tildesley, H., & Handy, T. C. (2013). Mind wandering and the adaptive control of attentional resources. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 25(6), 952–960. https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00375
Kaplan, R. M., & Saccuzzo, D. P. (2012). Psychological testing: Principles, applications, and issues. Cengage Learning.
Khoynezhad, G., Rajaei, A. R., & Sarvarazemy, A. (2012). Basic Religious Beliefs and Personality Traits. Iran J Psychiatry, 7, 82–86.
Killingsworth, M. (2011). A wandering mind is an unhappy mind. PsycEXTRA Dataset. https://doi.org/10.1037/e634112013-170
Kohls, N., Sauer, S., Offenbächer, M., & Giordano, J. (2011). Spirituality: An overlooked predictor of placebo effects? Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 366(1572), 1838–1848. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2010.0389
Komariah, M., Hatthakit, U., & Boonyoung, N. (2020). Impact of Islam-based caring intervention on spiritual well-being in Muslim women with breast cancer undergoing chemotherapy. Religions, 11(7), 361. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel11070361
Loewenthal, K. M. (2013). Religion, spirituality, and culture: Clarifying the direction of effects. In APA handbook of psychology, religion, and spirituality (Vol 1): Context, theory, and research. (pp. 239–255). American Psychological Association. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/14045-013
MacKinnon, D. P., Fairchild, A. J., & Fritz, M. S. (2007a). Mediation analysis. Annual Review of Psychology, 58(1), 593–614. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085542
MacKinnon, D. P., Fairchild, A. J., & Fritz, M. S. (2007b). Mediation analysis. Annual Review of Psychology, 58(1), 593–614. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085542
Marshall, J. (2019, January 31). Are religious people happier, healthier? Our new global study explores this question. Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/01/31/are-religious-people-happier-healthier-our-new-global-study-explores-this-question/
McNamara Barry, C., Nelson, L., Davarya, & Urry, S. (2010). Religiosity and spirituality during the transition to adulthood. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 34(4), 311–324. https://doi.org/10.1177/0165025409350964
McVay, J.C. and Kane, M.J. (2010) Does mind wandering reflect executive function or executive failure?. Psychol Bull, 136, 188–197.
Muslim population by country 2021. (n.d.). Retrieved June 23, 2021, from https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/muslim-population-by-country
Osama, M., & Malik, R. J. (2019). Salat (Muslim prayer) as a therapeutic exercise.
Ramdhani, N. (2012). Adaptasi Bahasa dan Budaya Inventori Big Five. Jurnal Psikologi, 39(2), 189–207.
Romadhon, Y. A. (2019). Pengembangan alat ukur khusyuk sholat dalam kaitan pengaruh positifnya bagi kesehatan. Magna Medica: Berkala Ilmiah Kedokteran dan Kesehatan, 6(1), 88. https://doi.org/10.26714/magnamed.6.1.2019.88-98
Salih, Y. (2007). The effects of prayer on Muslim patients’ well-being.
Sari, L. M. (2018). Khusyuk Dalam Al-Qur’an (Kajian Tematik). Nun, 4(2).
Saroglou, V. (2002). Religion and the five factors of personality: A meta-analytic review. Personality and Individual Differences, 32(1), 15–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0191-8869(00)00233-6
Seli, P., Risko, E. F., Smilek, D., & Schacter, D. L. (2016). Mind-Wandering with and without intention. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 20(8), 605–617. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2016.05.010
Siegel, K., Anderman, S. J., & Schrimshaw, E. W. (2001). Religion and coping with health-related stress. Psychology & Health, 16(6), 631–653. https://doi.org/10.1080/08870440108405864
Thomas, J., Furber, S. W., & Grey, I. (2017). The rise of mindfulness and its resonance with the Islamic tradition. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 20(10), 973–985. https://doi.org/10.1080/13674676.2017.1412410
Walker, A. R. (2020). “God is my doctor”: Mindfulness meditation/prayer as a spiritual well-being coping strategy for Jamaican school principals to manage their work-related stress and anxiety. Journal of Educational Administration, 58(4), 467–480. https://doi.org/10.1108/jea-06-2019-0097