Semantic Differentiation of al-Mīzān and al-Qisṭās in the Qur’an: Revisiting Muhammad Syahrur’s Anti-Synonymity Theory

Abstract

In Qur’anic studies, there are a number of lexical items that are often assumed to share similar meanings, whereas each actually possesses a distinct semantic nuance. Among them are the terms al-Mīzān and al-Qisṭās, which are frequently understood as synonymous with the meaning of “balance” or “justice.” This study aims to elucidate the specific meanings of these two terms by employing the theory of anti-synonymity developed by Muhammad Syahrur. This research adopts a qualitative library-based method, with data sources including the Qur’an, the works of Muhammad Syahrur, classical and modern exegetical texts, as well as Arabic linguistic literature. The analysis is conducted by tracing the basic meanings and their semantic development both synchronically and diachroni-cally. The  findings  indicate  that  al-Mīzān  represents  a  universal and  normative concept of justice and balance, whereas al-Qisṭās reflects the concrete application of justice within social, legal, and economic contexts. Although the two terms are closely related semantically, they differ in function and scope of meaning. These findings affirm Syahrur’s view that there is no synonymity in the Qur’an, and that each lexical item carries a unique meaning that cannot be substituted without altering the divine message. This study reinforces the argument that the language of the Qur’an is non-synonymous in nature, in which every term embodies a distinct meaning that cannot be replaced without affecting the intended message. Furthermore, this research contributes to the field of Qur’anic exegesis by emphasizing the importance of precise linguistic analysis in order to avoid reductive interpretations that may obscure the depth of Qur’anic meanings